Chapter 19- The Rise and Reform of Industrial Cities Flashcards
A school of architecture dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function.
Chicago school
An urban aid society that served members of an ethnic immigrant group, usually those from a particular province or town. The societies functioned as fraternal clubs that collected dues from members in order to pay support in case of death or disability.
mutual aid society
A term for an attack on African Americans by white mobs, triggered by political conflicts, street altercations, or rumors of crime. In some cases, such “riots” were not spontaneous but planned in advance by a group of leaders seeking to enforce white supremacy.
race riot
A high-density, cheap, five or six story housing unit designed for working-class urban populations. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, tenements became a symbol of urban immigrant poverty.
tenement
A professional stage show popular in the 1880s and 1890s that included singing, dancing, and comedy routines; it created a form of family entertainment for the urban masses that deeply influenced later forms, such as radio shows and television sitcoms.
vaudeville
A form of music, apparently named for its “ragged rhythm,” that became wildly popular in the early 20th century among audiences of all classes and races and that ushered in an urban dance craze. Ragtime was an important form of “cross over” music, borrowed from working-class African Americans by enthusiasts who were white and middle class.
ragtime
A form of American music that originated in the Deep South, especially from the black workers in the cotton fields of the Mississippi Delta.
blues
A derogatory term for newspapers that specialize in sensationalistic reporting. Yellow journalism is associated with the inflammatory reporting by the Hearst and Pulitzer newspapers leading up to the Spanish-American War in 1898.
yellow journalism
A critical term, first applied by Theodore Roosevelt, for investigative journalists who published exposes of political scandals and industrial abuses.
muckrakers
A complex, hierarchical party organization such as New York’s Tammany Hall, whose candidates remained in office on the strength of their political organization and their personal relationship with voters, especially working-class immigrants who had little alternative access to political power.
political machine
A political reform organization that advised cities to elect small councils and hire professional city managers who would direct operations like a corporate executive.
National Municipal League
A loose term for political reformers-especially those from the elite and middle classes-who worked to improve the political system, fight poverty, conserve environmental resources, and increase government involvement in the economy. Giving their name to the “Progressive Era,” such reformers were often prompted to act by fear that mass, radical protests by workers and farmers would spread, as well as by their desire to enhance social welfare and social justice.
progressivism
A turn of the 20th century movement that advocated landscape beautification, playgrounds, and more and better urban parks.
“City Beautiful” movement
A community welfare center that investigated the plight of the urban poor, raised funds to address urgent needs, and helped neighborhood residents advocate on their own behalf. Social settlements became a nationally recognized reform strategy during the Progressive Era.
social settlement
One of the first and most famous social settlements, founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and her companion Elllen Gates Starr in an impoverished, largely Italian immigrant neighborhood on Chicago’s West Side.
Hull House
