Chapter 18-Upheavals and Experiments

Question 1

An 1896 Supreme Court case that ruled that racially segregated railroad cars and other public facilities, if they claimed to be “separate but equal,” were permissible according to the 14th amendment.

Answer 1

Plessy v. Ferguson

Question 2

Introduced in Boston in 1851, the YMCA promoted muscular Christianity, combining evangelism with athletic facilities where men could make themselves “clean and strong.”

Answer 2

Young Men’s Christian Association

Question 3

All-African American professional baseball teams where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride. The league’s thrived until the desegregation of baseball after World War II.

Answer 3

Negro Leagues

Question 4

An organization founded in 1892 that was dedicated the the enjoyment and preservation of America’s great mountains and wilderness environments. Encouraged by such groups, national and state governments began to set aside more public lands for preservation and recreation.

Answer 4

Sierra Club

Question 5

A federal agency founded in 1916 that provided comprehensive oversight of the growing system of national parks.

Answer 5

National Park Service

Question 6

Named in honor of antebellum naturalist John James Audubon, a national organization formed in 1901 that advocated for broader government protections for wildlife.

Answer 6

National Audubon Society

Question 7

An 1873 law that prohibited circulation of “obscene literature,” defined as including most information on sex, reproduction, and birth control.

Answer 7

Comstock Act

Question 8

A form of education pioneered by President Charles W. Eliot at Harvard University, whereby students chose from a range of electives, shaping their own curricula as they developed skills in research, critical thinking, and leadership.

Answer 8

liberal arts

Question 9

An 1895 address by Booker T. Washington that urged whites and African Americans to work together for the progress of all. Delivered at the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta, the speech was widely interpreted as approving racial segregation.

Answer 9

Atlanta Compromise

Question 10

The belief that women should contribute to civic and political life through their special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides. Maternalists put this ideology into action by creating dozens of social reform organizations.

Answer 10

maternalism

Question 11

An organization advocating the prohibition of liquor that spread rapidly after 1879, when charismatic Frances Willard became its leader. Advocating suffrage and a host of reform activities, it launched tens of thousands of women into public life and was the first nationwide organization to identify and condemn domestic violence.

Answer 11

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

Question 12

An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support. Through its local clubs, the NACW arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns.

Answer 12

National Association of Colored Women

Question 13

Women’s suffrage organization created in 1890 by the union of the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association. Up to national ratification of suffrage in 1920, the NAWSA played a central role in campaigning for women’s right to vote.

Answer 13

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Question 14

The ideology that women should enter the public sphere not only to work on behalf of others, but also for their own equal rights and advancement. Feminists moved beyond advocacy of women’s voting rights to seek greater autonomy in professional careers, property rights, and personal relationships.

Answer 14

feminism

Question 15

Charles Darwin’s theory that when individual members of a species are born with random genetic mutations that better suit them for their environment-for example, camouflage coloring for a moth-these chracterisitics, since they are genetically transmissible, become dominant in future generations.

Answer 15

natural selection

Question 16

An idea, actually formulated not by Charles Darwin but by British philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer, that human society advanced through ruthless competition and the “survival of the fittest.”

Answer 16

Social Darwinism

Question 17

An emerging “science” of human breeding in the late 19th century that argued that mentally deficient people should be prevented from reproducing.

Answer 17

eugenics

Question 18

A movement that called for artists and writers to picture daily life as precisely and truly as possible.

Answer 18

realism

Question 19

A literary movement that suggested that human beings were not so much rational agents and shapers of their own destinies as blind victims of forces beyond their control.

Answer 19

naturalism

Question 20

A movement that questioned the ideals of progress and order, rejected realism, and emphasized new cultural forms. Modernism became the first great literary and artistic movement of the 20th century and remains influential today.

Answer 20

modernism

Question 21

A powerful political organization of of militant Protestants, which for a brief period in the 1890s counted more than 2 million members. In its virulent anti-Catholicism and calls for restrictions on immigrants, the APA prefigured the revived Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s.

Answer 21

American Protective Association

Question 22

A movement to renew religious faith through dedication to public welfare and social justice, reforming both society and the self through Christian service.

Answer 22

Social Gospel

Question 23

A term adopted by Protestants, between the 1890s and the 1910s, who rejected modernism and historical interpretations of scripture and asserted the literal truth of the Bible. Fundamentalists have historically seen secularism and religious relativism as markers of sin that will be punished by God.

Answer 23

fundamentalism