Chapter 26- The Cold War

Question 1

In what year on April 25 did some 1,600 delegates and assistants from 50 nations gather in San Fransisco, California, to draft a charter for the United Nations?

Answer 1

1945

Question 2

On April 25, 1945, some 1,600 delegates and assistants from 50 nations gathered in _________________, California, to draft a charter for the United Nations.

Answer 2

San Francisco

Question 3

Where did the first official meeting of the UN General Assembly take place on January 10, 1946?

Answer 3

London

Question 4

What were the three major organs that the United Nations were made up of?

Answer 4

General Assembly
Security Council
Secretariat

Question 5

What was one of the three major organs of the United Nations that was compromising all member states?

Answer 5

General Assembly

Question 6

What was one of the three major organs of the United Nations that was composed of five permanent members–the United States, Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and China–and ten selected members?

Answer 6

Security Council

Question 7

What was one of the three major organs of the United Nations that was made up of the secretary-general and his undersecretaries?

Answer 7

Secretariat

Question 8

Who was the Soviet Agent who was present at Dumbarton Oaks and San Francisco who was the head of Communist Russia’s delegation?

Answer 8

Andrei Gromyko

Question 9

Who was an official at the U.S. State Department later implicated as a spy for the Soviet Union and was present at Dumbarton Oaks and San Francisco?

Answer 9

Alger Hiss

Question 10

More concrete plans for a United Nations organization were drawn up at _______________, an estate near Washington, D.C., in the fall of 1944.

Answer 10

Dumbarton Oaks

Question 11

The guns had hardly fallen silent in 1945 when another global conflict developed, an ongoing _______________, a war fought not with military weapons but with words, diplomacy, and ideology.

Answer 11

“Cold War”

Question 12

Arrayed against each other in the Cold War were the ______________, led by the United States, and the “Communist bloc,” dominated by the Soviet Union.

Answer 12

“Free world”

Question 13

Arrayed against each other in the Cold War were the “free world,” led by the United States, and the __________________, dominated by the Soviet Union.

Answer 13

“Communist bloc”

Question 14

Standing between the two antagonists of the Cold War (United Sates and Soviet Union), was the _______________, which included many of the emergency nations in Africa, Asia, and South America during the late 1940s and early 1950s?

Answer 14

“Third World”

Question 15

Soviet aims throughout the Cold War included surrounding the Soviet Union with __________________ (nations supposedly independent but technically under the dominance of another) to be exploited for economic and military gain.

Answer 15

“Satellite” nations

Question 16

Who were the two American Communist spies who were convicted of treason in 1951 and executed in 1953 for passing vital information to Russian agents?

Answer 16

Julius Rosenberg

Ethel Rosenberg

Question 17

Who was the Communist spy who was the director of Britain’s nuclear research program, who was convicted in 1950 for supplying Moscow with a top-secret trigger mechanism that would detonate the atomic bomb?

Answer 17

Klaus Fuchs

Question 18

Who was the American Senator who exposed much Communist spy activity in the State Department, in the entertainment and intellectual community, and even in the Army?

Answer 18

Joseph P. McCarthy

Question 19

The Communists established Soviet-dominated puppet governments called __________________ in Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia.

Answer 19

People’s republics

Question 20

The Communists established Soviet-dominated puppet governments called people’s republics in:

Answer 20

Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia

Question 21

What were the two countries that established independent Communist governments but maintained close ties to the Soviet Union?

Answer 21

Yugoslavia

Albania

Question 22

The Soviet occupation zone of ______________ became the Communist-dominated German Democratic Republic in 1949.

Answer 22

East Germany

Question 23

By 1946, Winston Churchill could speak of an ________________ of tyranny and oppression having descended upon the nations of Eastern Europe.

Answer 23

“Iron Curtain”

Question 24

To prevent Soviet expansion into Greece and Turkey, U.S. President Harry Truman announced a policy of ______________ in 1947, declaring that the United States would aid any free nation to resist Communist aggression, thus “containing” Communist expansion.

Answer 24

Containment

Question 25

What was the policy that declared that the United States would aid any free nation to resist Communist aggression, thus using containment on Communist aggression, and provided $400 million in economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey, bolstering their resistance to Communism?

Answer 25

Truman Doctrine

Question 26

What was the European Recovery Program better known as the ________________, extended credits amounting to $20 billion over the next four years in the name of providing bulwark against further Communist expansion in Europe.

Answer 26

Marshall Plan

Question 27

Although not originally part of the Marshall Plan, the areas of Germany under American, British, and French occupation were united in 1949 to form the free nation of:

Answer 27

West Germany

Question 28

When the Soviets established a blockade of all rail, water, and road routes in West Berlin, the Americans came to West Berlin’s rescue by establishing the ___________________ all through the winter of 1948-1949 to save the 2 1/4 million West Berliners from starvation.

Answer 28

Berlin Airlift

Question 29

When the Soviets established a blockade of all rail, water, and road routes into West Berlin, the Americans came to West Berlin’s rescue by establishing the Berlin Airlift all through the winter of what years?

Answer 29

1948-1949

Question 30

In what year in April did the United States, Canada, and 10 Western European nations sign a defense pact, known as the North Atlantic Treaty?

Answer 30

1949

Question 31

The North Atlantic Treaty, signed in 1949, formed an association of countries, called the ___________________, and delineated a security area in the North Atlantic and in Western Europe.

Answer 31

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Question 32

Russia countered the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) by denouncing it as an “aggressive alliance,” and by forming a “defensive” military alliance of its own in Eastern Europe, called the ________________, in 1955.

Answer 32

Warsaw Pact

Question 33

In 1958, Western Europe formed the Common Market, also called the:

Answer 33

European Economic Community

Question 34

Who was the new leader of Russia in 1955, who denounced Stalin’s gruesome tactics, although he had been one of Stalin’s most important henchmen during Stalin’s many purges, and he also called for “peaceful coexistence”?

Answer 34

Nikita Khrushchev

Question 35

The “de-Stalinization” of Russia gave the free world false hope that the danger of Communism had decreased as Khrushchev called for:

Answer 35

“Peaceful coexistence”

Question 36

Who was the dictator of Yugoslavia who established his own brand of Communism outside the Soviet sphere of control in the late 1940s?

Answer 36

Marshal Tito

Question 37

In August 1961, what wall did the Communists build between East and West Berlin to keep West Berliners from escaping to the West, was the symbol of Soviet oppression in Eastern Europe, and was the first time in history that a wall was built to keep people inside their own country rather than keeping enemies out?

Answer 37

Berlin Wall

Question 38

In August what year was the Berlin Wall built?

Answer 38

1961

Question 39

Who was the chancellor of West Germany, was a traditional Roman Catholic and a staunch conservative politician who provided the leadership necessary for West Germany to recover from its wartime defeat, and promptly moved his nation toward a vigorous free market economy, transforming West Germany into one if the most prosperous nations in the world?

Answer 39

Konrad Adenauer

Question 40

Who were the three conservative prime ministers of Great Britain who improved British industry and defense during the 1950s and early 1960s?

Answer 40

Winston Churchill
Anthony Eden
Harold Macmillan

Question 41

What was established in Britain prior to World War II because one of Britain’s major concerns was the dissolution of the once-mighty Empire, and following the war, several of Britain’s colonies and possessions looked to become independent of British control?

Answer 41

British Commonwealth of Nations

Question 42

Who was the leader of the Free French government during World War II, and returned to power and helped write a new constitution, establishing the Fifth Republic, and was elected president of the Fifth Republic?

Answer 42

Charles de Gaulle

Question 43

After De Gaulle’s death in 1970, France moved back toward socialism, and in 1981, ___________________ of the Socialist Party became president of France, but later had no choice but to implement free enterprise forms.

Answer 43

François Mitterand

Question 44

After World War II, Italy began a slow recovery under the leadership of conservative statesman ________________, and after he died, Italy had over 30 coalition governments.

Answer 44

Alcide De Gasperi

Question 45

Some Communists in Italy organized terrorist ________________, which kidnapped and murdered Italian premier Aldo Moro in 1978.

Answer 45

Red Brigades

Question 46

When Franco, ruler of Spain, died in 1975, his successor, Prince _________________, encouraged moderation and democratic rule during periods of unrest.

Answer 46

Juan Carlos

Question 47

About a decade after China became a republic in 1911, Communist forces tried to take control of its government, but China’s ________________ government was able to prevent a Communist takeover.

Answer 47

Nationalist

Question 48

Who was the Chinese Christian statesman fighting against the Communists in 1927?

Answer 48

Chiang Kai-shek

Question 49

Who was the Chinese Communist leader fighting against Christian statesman Chiang Kai-shek in 1927?

Answer 49

Mao Tse-tung

Question 50

In December 1945, U.S. General ___________________ traveled to China as a special envoy to arrange peace between the Nationalists and Communists, but was unable to bring about any lasting government, and imposed an arms embargo on the Nationalists, sealing their doom.

Answer 50

George C. Marshall

Question 51

In 1949, Chiang Kai-shek and about 2 million Nationalist soldiers with their families were forced to flee to the tiny Chinese island of ________________ (Formosa).

Answer 51

Taiwan

Question 52

On October 1, 1949, Mao Tse-tung, the Chinese Communist leader, proclaimed the establishment of the ____________________. The world’s most populous nation had been overrun by Communism.

Answer 52

People’s Republic of China

Question 53

In what year on October 1 did Mao Tse-tung, leader of the Chinese Communists, proclaim the establishment of the People’s Republic of China?

Answer 53

1949

Question 54

With China reeling from the devastating blow of the agricultural productivity plummeting, Mao Tse-tung launched his first _________________ in 1953, and as a result, China’s industrial output increased at the rapid rate of about 15 percent a year from 1953 to 1957, but the cost in human lives was staggering.

Answer 54

“Five-Year Plan”

Question 55

In 1958, Mao Tse-tung inaugurated China’s second Five-Year Plan which he called the __________________, but proved to be a colossal failure.

Answer 55

“Great Leap Forward”

Question 56

In 1966, Mao Tse-tung decided to launch a full-scale _________________ to purge China of all “counter revolutionaries” and foreign influences.

Answer 56

“Cultural Revolution”

Question 57

Encouraged by the Communist Party with the Cultural Revolution, students and young people formed gangs called ______________, which filled China’s city streets with noisy demonstrations, marches, and protests, and attacked Chinese intellectuals and professionals.

Answer 57

Red Guards

Question 58

Conservative estimates place the death toll of Mao Tse-tung’s reign of terror at about how many people, making it the worst massacre in history?

Answer 58

40 million people

Question 59

After Mao Tse-tung’s death, by 1980, ________________ emerged as Communist China’s most powerful leader, and China remained in the cruel clutches of Communist oppression.

Answer 59

Deng Xaioping

Question 60

After World War II in North Korea, the Soviets refused to permit free elections in North Korea and instead set up a Communist puppet regime under who?

Answer 60

Kim Il Sung

Question 61

After World War II in South Korea, the Americans allowed the people to hold free elections and choose representatives to a national assembly, which drafted a constitution and elected __________________ as the first president of the Republic of Korea in 1948.

Answer 61

Syngman Rhee

Question 62

To separate governments of North Korea and South Korea now existed on the Korean Peninsula, and the country was divided along the:

Answer 62

38th Parallel

Question 63

In what year on June 25 did North Korean troops invade South Korea, beginning the Korean War?

Answer 63

1950

Question 64

On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops blasted their way across the 38th Parallel and invaded South Korea, beginning the:

Answer 64

Korean War

Question 65

President Truman took the matter of North Korea invading to the United States General Assembly and ordered the World War II hero ______________________ to dispatch troops to Korea from Japan. President Truman then named him supreme commander of all United States and United Nations forces.

Answer 65

General Douglas MacArthur

Question 66

The North Koreans invading became critical for the future of a free South Korea as the outmanned and outgunned Americans and South Koreans were forced to retreat to a battle line in the southeastern corner of Korea, the ________________. At this crucial juncture, Chiang Kai-sheck, leader of the Chinese Nationalists, offered to send 33,000 troops to help the besieged MacArthur, but President Truman refused.

Answer 66

Pusan Perimeter

Question 67

Ordering his troops to keep the enemy occupied at Pusan, General MacArthur surprised the world by landing American forces at _________________, near Seoul, and far to the northwest of the Pusan Perimeter; “experts” had declared that high tides and dangerous shoals made an amphibious land at this area impossible.

Answer 67

Inchon

Question 68

President Truman shocked America by abruptly removing ___________________ from command on April 11, 1951, replacing him with General Matthew B. Ridgeway, because he protested that Washington’s policies were handcuffing U.S. military efforts for victory in Korea.

Answer 68

General Douglas MacArthur

Question 69

What was President Truman’s policy of refusing to use all available military strength to win a complete victory which doomed the American forces to a war of attrition against the masses of Red Chinese and North Korean troops amid the hills and ridges of Korea?

Answer 69

Limited warfare

Question 70

The Soviet Union’s deadlock was broken in what year when Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin died and the Soviet leaders began to speak of “peace”?

Answer 70

1953

Question 71

Since 1934, Cuba had been ruled by dictator _________________, and under his rule, Cuba prospered economically because of close ties to the United States, but Kant Cubans still lived in poverty.

Answer 71

Fulgencio Batista

Question 72

Who was the young Cuban lawyer with a record of of violence and revolutionary activity who attempted to start a revolution against the Batista government on July 26, 1953?

Answer 72

Fidel Castro

Question 73

After Fidel Castro’s release from prison two years after being captured because of the revolution he wanted to start, he went to Mexico, where he organized the ___________________, named after his aborted attempt to seize the Cuban government in 1953.

Answer 73

“26th of July Movement”

Question 74

Upon assuming the duties of Chief Executive in 1961, U.S. President ________________ was informed of a plan for a force of Cuban exiles to initiate an anti-Castro revolution by invading Cuba, and the President allowed the plan to proceed.

Answer 74

John F. Kennedy

Question 75

On April 17, 1961, an American-trained force of some 1,600 exiled Cuban freedom fighters invaded Cuba at the _______________. But despite the promises of American aid, President Kennedy cancelled air support vital to the operation’s success, and the invasion was brutally crushed.

Answer 75

Bay of Pigs

Question 76

As Soviet ships carried additional weapons to Cuba, the world anxiously stood on the brink of war, but on October 28, President Kennedy and Soviet Premier Khrushchev agreed to end the:

Answer 76

“Cuban Missile Crisis”

Question 77

Cuban aid in what what country enabled a group of Communist revolutionaries called Sandinistas to oust President Anastasio Somoza in 1979?

Answer 77

Nicaragua

Question 78

Cuban aid in Nicaragua enabled a group of Communist revolutionaries called the __________________ to oust President Anastasio Somoza in 1979.

Answer 78

Sandinistas

Question 79

Cuban aid in Nicaragua enabled a group of Communist revolutionaries called the Sandanistas to oust President Anastasio ______________ in 1979.

Answer 79

Somoza

Question 80

In the early 1940s, Argentina had a prospering economy. In 1943, Colonel _________________ led a successful military overthrow of the government, and pursued a socialist program and nationalized many businesses.

Answer 80

Juan Perón

Question 81

Who was Juan Perón’s third wife who succeeded her husband when he died in 1947, and became the first woman to head a government in the Western Hemisphere?

Answer 81

Isabel Perón

Question 82

Who was chosen to be president in 1970 in Chile, was pro-Soviet, and immediately established diplomatic relations with Cuba and Communist China?

Answer 82

Salvador Allende

Question 83

When Salvador Allende, president of Chile, committed suicide, who was the leader of the coup who assumed the office of president and broke off relations with Cuba and made efforts to let free market economic forces work?

Answer 83

Augusto Pinochet

Question 84

The discovery in Mexico of vast quantities of _____________ in the late 1970s greatly increased Mexico’s economic potential; by 1981, Mexico had risen to fourth place among the oil-producing nations of the world.

Answer 84

Oil

Question 85

Preparation for independence in the Middle East began with ______________ when it became a republic in 1922.

Answer 85

Turkey

Question 86

When Turkey became a republic in 1922, the Turkish provinces were divided into five states, with Britain gaining control over the affairs of what three states and France gaining control over what two states?

Answer 86

Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq- Britain

Lebanon and Syria- France

Question 87

The Middle East plays a vital part in world affairs today primarily because of what two reasons?

Answer 87

Much of the world’s known oil reserves are located there.

The conflict between the Arabs and the Jews.

Question 88

What are the two most important modern trends in the Middle East have been the:

Answer 88

Reawakening of Arab nationalism since the beginning of a World War I.
The emergence of the Jewish state if Israel in 1948.

Question 89

In 1917, the British government issued the ___________________, which supported a national Jewish homeland in Palestine for the Jewish Zionists in Europe.

Answer 89

Balfour Declaration

Question 90

In 1917, the British government issued the Balfour Declaration, which supported a national Jewish homeland in Palestine for the Jewish _________________, those who advocated a Jewish national state, in Europe.

Answer 90

Zionists

Question 91

What is the exact date that the Jews proclaimed the independent state of Israel?

Answer 91

May 14, 1948

Question 92

On May 14, 1948, the Jews proclaimed the independent:

Answer 92

State of Israel

Question 93

Who was the Russian-born Jewish chemist who became the first president of Israel in 1949?

Answer 93

Chaim Weizmann

Question 94

Who became Israel’s first prime minister in 1949?

Answer 94

David Ben-Gurion

Question 95

In 1973, because Egypt and Syria attacked Israel at the time of the Jewish highest holy day, the conflict became known as the:

Answer 95

Yom Kippur War

Question 96

The Yom Kippur War reactivated ____________ (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), formed in 1960 as a monopoly designed to control the supply and price of oil.

Answer 96

OPEC

Question 97

Who was the Israeli Prime Minister who shocked the world when he met the Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat and U.S. President Jimmy Carter at Camp David in late 1978, in the United States to discuss a peaceful settlement of Israeli-Egyptian disputes?

Answer 97

Menachem Begin

Question 98

Who was the Egyptian President who shocked the world when he met Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and U.S. President Jimmy Carter in late 1978 at Camp David in the United States to discuss a peaceful settlement of Israeli-Egyptian disputes?

Answer 98

Anwar el-Sadat

Question 99

In late 1978, for the first time in over 2,000 years, Jews and Arabs sat down together and negotiated a peace treaty. In the resulting _____________________, Israel agreed to withdraw completely from the Sinai Peninsula, which it did between 1979 and 1982.

Answer 99

Camp David Accords

Question 100

Lebanon became an enclave for the terrorist _______________ under Yassir Arafat. And in 1969, began making raids against targets in Israel.

Answer 100

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

Question 101

Lebanon became an enclave for the terrorist Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) under _________________, whose goal was to establish a Palestinian state in Israel through force and terror.

Answer 101

Yassir Arafat

Question 102

Who was Iran’s anti-Communist ruler, also called the Shah, and had been a staunch ally of the United States since the post-World War II period and was overthrown in 1979?

Answer 102

Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi

Question 103

What was Iran’s anti-Communist ruler, Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi, also called?

Answer 103

The Shah

Question 104

On November 3, 1979, Iranian rebels under the Ayatolla ____________________, Iran’s new totalitarian Muslim leader, captured the U.S. embassy in Tehran, the Iranian capital, and took 63 Americans hostage.

Answer 104

Ruhollah Khomeini

Question 105

Who became the dictator of Iraq in 1979, was a member of the Sunni Muslim sect that opposed the Shi’tes, and used religion only as a political tool?

Answer 105

Saddam Hussein

Question 106

Who were the two leaders in the struggle for Indian independence who advocated civil disobedience against the British government of India as a means of achieving their goals?

Answer 106

Mahatma Gandhi

Jawaharlal Nehru

Question 107

In what year did India receive its independence, and Nehru became its first prime minister of India?

Answer 107

1947

Question 108

Who was Nehru’s daughter who was prime minister from 1966 to 1977 and 1980 until her assassination in 1984?

Answer 108

Indira Gandhi

Question 109

Who was Indira Gandhi’s son who succeeded her after her assassination, who remained prime minister until 1989, when he was removed from office on charges of corruption, and then attempted to return to power in 1991, but was assassinated?

Answer 109

Rajiv Gandhi

Question 110

What nation became the first African nation south of the Sahara to gain independence in 1957?

Answer 110

Ghana

Question 111

Who was the prime minister of Ghana who quickly became the idol of African nationalists, and his government was held up as the model of emerging democracy?

Answer 111

Kwame Nkrumah

Question 112

In 1960, the Belgian Congo became the independent:

Answer 112

Republic of the Congo

Question 113

In 1960, the Belgian Congo became the independent Republic of the Congo; civil war broke out among the various factions, and the Soviet Union sent “technical assistants” and supplies to aid the pro-Communist Premier:

Answer 113

Patrice Lumumba

Question 114

When two thousand Americans and Europeans were taken hostage in 1964 in Stanleyville, U.S. Air Force planes dropped 600 Belgian paratroopers into Stanleyville to rescue the hostages. Minutes before the paratroopers landed, 29 hostages were murdered, including _____________, an American medical missionary.

Answer 114

Dr. Paul Carlson

Question 115

In 1965, Joseph Mobutu became the dictator of the Republic of Congo, and in 1971, the nation was renamed:

Answer 115

Zaire

Question 116

What nation declared independence in 1967?

Answer 116

Nigeria

Question 117

What were the two oldestAfrican independent states?

Answer 117

Liberia

Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

Question 118

In 1979, Libyan dictator ______________ helped support General Idi Amin, who seized power in Uganda and ruled until 1979.

Answer 118

Muammar al-Qaddafi

Question 119

In 1979, Libyan dictator Muammar al-Qaddafi helped support General ____________ who seized power in Uganda and ruled until 1979, claimed to be a devout Muslim, and killed and tortured as many as 300,000 people.

Answer 119

Idi Amin

Question 120

In 1969, Libyan dictator Muammar al-Qaddafi helped support General Idi Amin, who seized power in ______________ and ruled until 1979.

Answer 120

Uganda

Question 121

Who was the last descendant of King Solomon monarch in Ethiopia, and under his leadership, the Ethiopians had by 1970 a written constitution, a parliament, and a court system; and programs were in motion to improve transportation, education, and agriculture?

Answer 121

Haile Selassie I

Question 122

What was South Africa’s policy of racial segregation called?

Answer 122

Apartheid

Question 123

Within South Africa itself, Marxist agitators infiltrated such black nationalist groups as the ___________________ and the Pan-African Congress, and fanned the flames of revolution.

Answer 123

African National Congress (ANC)

Question 124

Vietnam conflict began in 1930 when Vietnamese Communist _______________ formed the Indochinese Communist Party intending to control all of Indiochina.

Answer 124

Ho Chi Minh

Question 125

In the Indochina War, what were Vietnamese Communist Ho Chi Minh’s forces called that defeated the elite French Foreign Legion soldiers and paratroopers, driving the French to the conference table?

Answer 125

Vietminh

Question 126

Who became president of South Vietnam in the Geneva Accords, leaving Ho Chi Minh as continued dictator of North Vietnam?

Answer 126

Ngo Dinh Diem

Question 127

The conflict between North and South Vietnam resumed in 1957 when Communist guerrillas called _______________, aided by North Vietnamese regular troops, began a campaign of terrorism in the villages of South Vietnam.

Answer 127

Viet Cong

Question 128

What country in 1960 became the scene of Communist aggression when the Vietminh-backed Pathet Lao staged a rebellion against this country’s government and fought a civil war with government troops?

Answer 128

Laos

Question 129

What country was dragged into the Vietnam War in the late 1960s when the North Vietnamese began using the country as a base for attacks upon South Vietnam?

Answer 129

Cambodia

Question 130

In 1970, American and South Vietnamese forces invaded Cambodia to cut the ___________________, a North Vietnamese invasion route and supply trail, and to destroy North Vietnamese supply depots in Cambodia.

Answer 130

Ho Chi Minh Trail

Question 131

Passed by Congress in August 1964, the ____________________ provided the legal justification for U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam conflict (technically, it was not a war because war was never declared).

Answer 131

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Question 132

In what year on March 6 did President Johnson send the first American combat troops–U.S. Marines–to South Vietnam to protect American bases there, and in July he ordered a general buildup of U.S. troops in South Vietnam?

Answer 132

1965

Question 133

In July of 1965, President Johnson ordered a general buildup of U.S. troops in South Vietnam under the command of General:

Answer 133

William C. Westmoreland

Question 134

On January 30, 1968, the North Vietnamese launched the all-out _________________, a large-scale attack against 30 South Vietnamese cities and several U.S. military installations.

Answer 134

Tet Offensive

Question 135

In June, 1969, President Nixon began gradually withdrawing U.S. troops and replacing them with South Vietnamese forces in the policy of:

Answer 135

Vietnamization

Question 136

A cease-fire agreement for the Vietnam War was finally signed at Paris in what year on January 27?

Answer 136

1973

Question 137

In what year on April 30 did the city of Saigon in South Vietnam fall to the North Vietnamese?

Answer 137

1975

Question 138

On April 30, 1975, the city of Saigon in South Vietnam fell to the North Vietnamese and the Communist flag soon flew over all of Vietnam, and Saigon was renamed:

Answer 138

Ho Chi Minh City

Question 139

What countries were involved in the Vietnam War?

Answer 139

South Vietnam
North Vietnam
Laos
Cambodia
U.S.

Question 140

Who was the Hungarian-born American physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and planned for the hydrogen bomb to counterbalance the Soviet nuclear threat in 1949, and is known as the “Father of the Hydrogen Bomb”?

Answer 140

Edward Teller

Question 141

Edward Teller plan for a more powerful nuclear weapon called the _________________ to counterbalance the Soviet nuclear threat in 1949.

Answer 141

Hydrogen bomb

Question 142

Edward Teller, known as the “Father of the Hydrogen Bomb,” faced intense opposition from the pro-Communist top consultant to the U.S. atomic energy commission, __________________, who had also helped develop The atomic bomb and now expressed “humanitarian “concern at the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

Answer 142

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Question 143

By 1980, the Soviets had so many more lethal weapons then United States that the threat of Soviet ________________ was a real possibility.

Answer 143

“Nuclear blackmail”

Question 144

From nuclear hysteria emerged the so-called ___________________, where advocates demanded that America’s nuclear arsenal be “frozen” at current levels with no new or improved weaponry, hoping that the Soviet Union would reciprocate.

Answer 144

“Nuclear-freeze movement”

Question 145

With the concern over the nuclear arms race, the West began to pursue a policy of _____________________ with the Communists. Which is the idea of reducing tension or hostility between nations.

Answer 145

Détente

Question 146

In 1971, President Nixon and his assistant for national security affairs, named __________________, ended American opposition to Communist China’s membership in the United Nations.

Answer 146

Henry Kissinger

Question 147

Who succeeded Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in 1964, and continued the policy of “peaceful coexistence” and used the West’s desire for détente to his advantage?

Answer 147

Leonid Brezhev

Question 148

In 1975, the members of the free world signed the ___________________ with the Communist bloc, promising greater “economic cooperation” and “cultural exchanges” between the West and the East.

Answer 148

Helsinki Accords

Question 149

In 1975, the famous Russian writer ____________________, who had been imprisoned in the Soviet Union for exposing the cruelties of Communism in his novels and essays, was exiled to the West.

Answer 149

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Question 150

In 1957, the free world became extremely apprehensive about its defense capabilities when the Soviet Union launched _______________, the world’s first man-made satellite.

Answer 150

Sputnik I

Question 151

Who was the Russian cosmonaut who became the first man in space, making a single orbit of the earth in 1961?

Answer 151

Yuri Gagarin

Question 152

In what year on July 20 did Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong become the first man to step onto the surface of the moon?

Answer 152

1969

Question 153

Who was the Apollo 11 astronaut who became the first man to step onto the surface of the moon on July 20, 1969?

Answer 153

Neil Armstrong

Question 154

In 1972, the United States the Soviet Union agreed to the ____________________ limiting the production of nuclear arms.

Answer 154

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Treaty (SALT I)

Question 155

One of the most brutal wars of liberation resulted after the Soviet ___________________ in 1979. The free world realize that appeasement of Communist aggression had earned nothing but failure and weakened resolve to continue fighting Communism.

Answer 155

Invasion of Afghanistan

Question 156

Who became Britain’s first woman prime minister in 1979?

Answer 156

Margret Thatcher

Question 157

Who became President of the United States in 1980, and his rhetoric inspired many, particularly his emphasis that (1) budgets should be balanced and (2) trade and business should be free from government interference?

Answer 157

Ronald Reagan

Question 158

Prime minister thatcher of Great Britain determined to rebuild her country’s defenses and still a renewed sense of national pride, especially in the armed forces. The first major test of this policy occurred in April 1982, when Argentina invaded the _________________, which lie 400 miles off the coast of Argentina.

Answer 158

Falkland Islands

Question 159

What war in 1982 was the most extensive naval conflict since World War II, where British strategic bombers made the longest bombing mission in the history of warfare I flying all the way from England to bomb the Falklands and returning to England?

Answer 159

Falklands War

Question 160

President Reagan issued the ________________, which was an offensive policy of preemptive strikes to stop Communism before it could enslave a nation.

Answer 160

Reagan Doctrine

Question 161

Soviet union underestimated the resolve of Ronald Reagan. This was evident when Reagan upheld the Reagan doctrine by sending troops to ___________________, where U.S. troops rounded up the Cuban forces and send them back to Cuba.

Answer 161

Grenada

Question 162

Ronald Ragan faced Communist aggression in Nicaragua by arming the _______________, freedom fighters against the Sandinistas and sent advisors to El Salvador to prevent a Communist takeover.

Answer 162

Contra

Question 163

Soviet atrocities were thrust onto the world stage in September 1983, when Soviet fighter jets shot down flight _______________ leaving Alaska for South Korea.

Answer 163

KAL 007

Question 164

A Communist tragedy took place in 1986 at a nuclear reactor plant in _________________, located in Soviet Ukraine. When a reactor meltdown killed 23 people, contaminated the large region of farmland surrounding the plant, and spewed a cloud of radioactive dust and debris into the atmosphere.

Answer 164

Chernobyl

Question 165

President Reagan’s response to the increased Soviet military threat culminated in his endorsement of the ___________________, which is a system of space-age weaponry designed to destroy enemy inter-continental ballistic missiles in flight.

Answer 165

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

Question 166

In the 1980s, a movement of Polish nationalists calling themselves _______________, led by Lech Walesa, stood up to the Soviets, refusing to work until their demands for more freedom were met.

Answer 166

Solidarity

Question 167

In the 1980s, a movement of Polish nationalists calling themselves Solidarity led by __________________, stood up to the Soviets, refusing to work until their demands for more freedom were met.

Answer 167

Lech Walesa

Question 168

Who came to power as the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, and met with President Reagan in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1985, and later in Iceland, to discuss a mutual limitation of nuclear arms?

Answer 168

Mikhail Gorbachev

Question 169

Gorbachev, leader of the Soviet Union, and President Reagan met in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1985, and later in Iceland, to discuss a mutual limitation of nuclear arms. As a result of these meetings, they signed the ___________________ in 1987, agreeing to remove their medium-range missiles from Europe.

Answer 169

Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty

Question 170

The United States and other free nations promised to help the Soviet Union rebuild its economic and political system on a democratic, free enterprise model–a plan the Soviets called _________________ which means “restructuring.”

Answer 170

Perestroika

Question 171

The Communists in the a Soviet Union adopted a foreign policy known as ________________, which means “openness,” claiming that they wanted world peace and had no more plans for conquest.

Answer 171

Glasnost

Question 172

By what year did the Communists begin to lose control of Eastern Europe?

Answer 172

1989

Question 173

Around 1989, the people of what nation closely monitored events in Poland, where the Solidarity movement was again on the rise?

Answer 173

Hungary

Question 174

When free elections in ______________ brought Solidarity to power in this nation’s parliament, and the Soviet troops did nothing, the Hungarians began to tear down the fences and dismantle the mine fields that separated them from Austria.

Answer 174

Poland

Question 175

By September 1989, thousands of _________________ were fleeing Communist oppression, reaching West Germany by way of sympathetic supporters in Czechoslovakia and Hungary.

Answer 175

East Germans

Question 176

Encouraged by events in East Germany, 500,000 _______________ took to the streets of Prague in late 1989, demonstrating for free elections and the end of Communist rule?

Answer 176

Czechs

Question 177

Into what two independent countries did Czechoslovakia split into in 1993?

Answer 177

Czech Republic and Slovakia

Question 178

While Communist rule collapsed in Czechoslovakia, the very symbol of the Communist enslavement of Eastern Europe came tumbling down. What was this symbol that was opened on November 9, 1989?

Answer 178

Berlin Wall

Question 179

In what year on October 3, were East and West Germany officially reunited?

Answer 179

1990

Question 180

In December 1989, Communism was overthrown in Romania, resulting in the execution of the cruel dictator ________________ and his wife.

Answer 180

Nicolae Ceausescu

Question 181

In the spring of 1989 in China, a million university students and workers gathered in Beijing’s _________________ in a great demonstration for freedom.

Answer 181

Tiananmen Square

Question 182

In Moscow, the President of the Russian Republic, ____________________, led resistance against the coup. He took refuge in the Russian parliament building and surrounded himself with loyal military men.

Answer 182

Boris Yeltsin

Question 183

By the December of what year did most of the former Soviet republics had banded together to form the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a nation?

Answer 183

1991

Question 184

By December 1991, most of the former Soviet republics had banded together to form the _____________________, and the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a nation.

Answer 184

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)