Chapter 11-The Dark Ages Flashcards
Who declared that every church must agree with the Church of Rome?
Irenaeus
What was the name for the leaders of the church that means “servant”?
Deacon
What were the church leaders called who were the elders and means “overseer” or “superintendent”?
Bishops
What was the idea that Christ appointed apostles to succeed His ministers and these apostles had appointed bishops and these bishops appointed successors of their own etc.?
Apostolic succession
What describes that as long as the apostles lived, the churches had the benefit of having special leaders appointed directly by Christ himself and were authorized to speak and act in his name?
Apostolic authority
The bishops of Rome misused the text of Matthew 16:18-19 to support __________, which states that Christ founded His church upon Peter, and Christ made Peter the visible head of the Church, and that Peter transmitted this power to his successors.
Petrine theory
The Petrine theory gave rise to the idea of the ____________: that the Roman church is supreme over all churches and the bishop of Rome is supreme over all bishops.
Roman Catholic Church
According to the Roman Catholic Church, the bishop of Rome was supreme over all bishops, thus the bishop of Rome would be called the:
Pope
When did the Western Roman emperor Valentinian III officially recognize Pope Leo I as supreme over the Roman church?
445
In 445, Western Roman emperor Valentinian III officially recognized _________, as supreme over the Roman church.
Pope Leo I
Who was the first medieval pope who helped to fill the power vacuum in Europe, especially in Rome and surrounding areas?
Gregory I
The Roman church’s territories were divided and subdivided into ________, and _________; likewise, it’s leaders were arranged in a hierarchy of authority and importance with the pope at the top.
Dioceses
Parishes
The church began to teach that salvation depended on the _________, an “infallible conveyor of grace” in the hands of a properly ordained priest of the Roman church.
Sacraments
Who was a missionary to Ireland?
Patrick
Those who disobeyed the rulers of the church could be __________, or cut off from the church, which meant nothing more than eternal damnation.
Excommunicated
What was the term that described that the bread and wine of the Lord’s Supper actually became the body and blood of Christ in the hands f the priest?
Transubstantiation
Some devout followers even purchased and worshipped _______, remains or artifacts.
Relics
Well before the end of the second century the ____________ had become prominent.
Church of Rome
The people of the Church of Rome sought to placate the Son’s wrath against their sins by praying to His mother, Mary, long-departed apostles, and other _______, deceased Christians officially recognized by the church as holy because of martyrdom, miracles, or other merits.
Saints
What were the certificates that the pope gave people to excuse them from doing penance and shortened a required stay in purgatory?
Indulgences
What was a place of fire where the souls of penitent sinners remained after death to be purged of sin and rendered fit for heaven?
Purgatory
What was a Latin translation of the Bible completed by the church leader Jerome in 405, and was just about the only version available in the Middle Ages?
Vulgate
Who was the man who gave the English people the Bible in their own tongue by translating it from Latin to English and having copies written out by hand?
John Wycliffe
Who had translated a Bible for the people of the Alps 200 years before John Wycliffe?
Peter Waldo
Who were the two men who opposed the official church?
John Wycliffe
Peter Waldo
What was the group named for Peter of Bruis that protested against the established church?
Petrobrusians
The Petrobrusians were named for who?
Peter of Bruis
What was the group that protested against the distorted church and originated during the late 1100s in the European Alps and was founded by Peter Waldo?
Waldensians
The Waldensians was founded by what wealthy merchant in Lyons, France, and was disgusted with the corruption he saw in the Roman church?
Peter Waldo
What council forbade anyone except a clergyman to possess a copy of the Bible, except for the Psalms and lessons of Scripture contained in the breviary?
The Council of Toulouse
What was the service and worship book of the church?
Breviary
What was the ideal for people who called themselves Christians of withdrawing from society to live in solitude?
Monasticism
What were men who practiced monasticism called?
Monks
What were women who practiced monasticism called?
Nuns
The earliest monks lived alone in the wilderness as:
Hermits
What did the monks vow that meant abstinence from marriage, believing that the more they withdrew from the world and the flesh, the more holy they would become?
Celibacy
Who was the monk that perched alone for 37 years on top of a pedestal 50 feet high?
Simeon Stylites
The vast majority of medieval monks lived in _________, religious communities isolated from the rest of society?
Monasteries
What were the religious communities isolated from the rest of the world for nuns called?
Convents
Life in a monastery followed rigid rules called:
Orders
Most European monks followed the orders of _________, an Italian monk who founded a monastery at Monte Cassino in southern Italy.
Benedict
Benedictine monks vowed life-long poverty, chastity, and obedience to the ______, the head of the monastery.
Abbot
In the beginning of the 13th century, what new kind of monk appeared and lived like other monks except that they preached and did missionary work outside the monasteries?
Friars
What were the two most prominent orders of Friars that dedicated themselves to preaching and to combating what the church deemed as heresy?
Franciscans
Dominicans
Who issued the “two sword” doctrine?
Gelasius I
What was the most dominant Germanic tribe that moved into Gaul as the Roman Empire collapsed?
Franks
Who was the first great Frankish military and political leader and inherited the position of tribal king from his father in 481?
Clovis
Clovis was baptized into the Roman church on Christmas Day in ________ along with 3,000 of his warriors.
498
After Clovis’s death, his descendants ruled and these rulers were known as the __________ line of kings, named after Merovee, Clovis’s grandfather.
Merovingian
The real ruling power fell into the hands of the chief official of the royal household, the:
Mayor of the Palace
Who was the most famous Mayor of the Palace who came to power in 715?
Charles Martel
In 711, the ___________ (Muslims from North Africa) invaded Spain.
Moors
Charles Martel defeated the invading Muslims at the Battle of Tours in the year of:
732
In 732, Charles Martel defeated the invading Muslims at what battle?
Battle of Tours
Charles Martel, beating back the Muslims in a series of battles that lasted nearly a decade, earning himself the name “ Martel” which means:
“The Hammer”
Who’s victories prevented western Europe from being swallowed up in a Muslim empire?
Charles Martel
Who was the son of Charles Martel who became Mayor of the Palace and followed in his father’s footsteps as a strong leader?
Pepin the Short
Pep in the Short’s kingship commenced the __________ line of Frankish kings, named for either Pepin’s father or Pepin’s son, both of whom were named Charles.
Carolingian
When the Franks defeated the Lombards and gave their land in central Italy to the pope; what was this called?
“Donation of Pepin”
The “Donation of Pepin” became known as the __________, making the pope a temporal ruler with an important stake in European politics.
Papal States
The alliance between the _________ rulers and the ________, initiated by the conversation of Clovis and consummated by Pepin the Short, was to influence the course of the European history not only during the Middle Ages but well into the modern age.
Frankish rulers and the papacy
Pepin the Short’s son, Charles, had the accomplishments that win him the title ____________, French for Charles the Great.
Charlemagne
Charlemagne’s greatest conquests were against the pagan __________, a Germanic people who lived between the Rhine and Elbe rivers.
Saxons
To protect his realm against invasions, Charlemagne set up a series of provinces, or:
Marks
Who’s empire was the largest in the West since the Roman Empire of the A.D. 300s?
Charlemagne
The greatest event of Charlemagne’s reign took place ___________, when Pope Leo III placed a crown of gold upon Charlemagne’s head, proclaiming him Charles Augustus, Emperor of the Romans.
Christmas Day, 800
On Christmas Day, 800, Pope Leo III placed a golden crown on the head of Charlemagne, proclaiming him:
Charles Augustus, Emperor of the Romans
From his capital in western Germany, Charlemagne sent out his __________ (“the king’s envoys”) to check on local officials inspect local conditions, and hear grievances against government officers.
Missi dominici
What type of writing replaced the old cursive scripts which became the basis for modern handwriting styles as well as the roman typeface?
Carolingian minuscule
Who was the only surviving son of Charlemagne whose three sons fell into bitter rivalry over how the empire was to be divided among themselves during his weak rule?
Louis the Pious
When did Louis’s three rival sons finally meet and make an agreement at Verdun?
843
What treaty divided the Roman Empire into three parts?
Treaty of Verdun
The Treaty of Verdun was divided into three parts between Louis the Pious’s three sons which were:
Lothair the Elder-middle part
Charles the Bald-western part
Louis the German-eastern part
The Treaty of Verdun was important because:
It set the stage for the formation of the modern nations of France and Germany
The land the middle kingdom north of the Alps, _________, was divided between Charles and Louis after Lothair’s death.
Lorraine
What was the group of nomadic people from Asia who penetrated deep into southeastern Europe who earned the name Scourge of Europe?
Magyars
The Magyars finally settled down in the area known since as:
Hungary
Who were the blond, blue-eyed German barbarians from Scandinavia who invaded places as far as Greenland, Iceland, and even North America?
Norsemen or Vikings
The Norsemen, or Vikings, who invaded many different nations dwelt in:
Scandinavia
Among the most important Viking settlements was ____________, an area along the northern coast of France.
Normandy
The lands of Germany crumbled into many small territories called _________, each ruled by a powerful nobel called a duke.
Duchies
In 919, the dukes elected __________, the duke of Saxony, to act as king of Germany, beginning the Saxon line of kings.
Henry the Fowler
In 919, the dukes elected Henry the Fowler to act as king of Germany, beginning the _________ line of kings.
Saxon
Who was the successor of Henry the Fowler and won many victories and became known as this for his many victories?
Otto the Great
In what year, at request of the pope, did Otto invade Italy and was crowned Emperor of the Romans?
962
In 962, at the request of the pope, Otto invaded Italy and was crowned _________ by the pope.
Emperor of the Romans
In 962, at request of the pope, Otto invaded Italy and was crowned Emperor of the Romans by the pope, giving birth to the:
Holy Roman Empire
What line of emperors succeeded the Saxons in 1024?
Salian
Under whose reign did the German monarchy reach the peak of its power?
Henry IV
During the years shortly after Henry IV, a few leading nobles claimed the right of choosing the king; these nobles became known as:
Electors
Who, in 1152, became the first of the Hohenstaufen line of emperors, and officially adopted the phrase “Holy Roman Empire”?
Frederick Barbarossa
In 1152, Frederick Barbarossa became the first of what line of emperors?
Hohenstaufen
Who was the son of Frederick Barbarossa who entangled himself even further in Italy?
Frederick II
After whose reign did the Holy Roman Empire decline rapidly?
Frederick II
The French philosopher Voltair ridiculed the Holy Roman Empire as:
“Neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire”
What pope urged Hildebrand to expand greatly the power and independence of the papacy in 1059?
Nicholas II
In 1059, Pope Nicholas II urged what ambitious monk who served as an advisor to the popes to expand greatly the power and independence of the papacy?
Hildebrand
In 1059, Nicholas II urged Hildebrand to decree that henceforth popes would be chosen only by __________, who at the time were priests of the churches in Rome and other Italian cities.
Cardinals
Under which pope did the papacy attain its highest power and influence?
Innocent III
The monk, Hildebrand, became pope as:
Pope Gregory VII
Gregory’s efforts to increase papal power brought him into an intense conflict with Holy Roman Emperor:
Henry IV
What term referred to the power of laymen such as emperors and kings to choose bishops and other church officials?
Lay investiture
Henry IV went to see Pope Gregory in __________ to personally to beg him for forgiveness.
Canossa
When King John displeased Innocent III, Innocent excommunicated John and placed his entire realm under an ___________: no infants were baptized, no masses said, no confessions heard, no dying persons received the last rites, and no dead were properly interred.
Interdict
Innocent III and his successors instituted the __________, a special court with power to inquire about and judge matters of heresy.
Holy Office of the Inquisition
In France, what king clashed with the papacy by levying 50% taxes on the French clergy’s annual income?
King Phillip the Fair
What pope, in the time of King Phillip the Fair, threatened to excommunicate any layman who exacted taxes and any clergyman who paid them without papal approval?
Boniface VII
What was an official decree by the pope called?
Pope
In 1305, under Philip the Fair’s influence, a French bishop became Pope Clement V moved the papal court from Rome to ________, France.
Avignon
The act of Pope Clement V moving the papal court from Rome to Avignon, France was the beginning of the:
“Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy”
When there were many popes to choose from, the rival popes and cardinals created the ________, which was not fully resolved until 1459.
Great Schism
