Chapter 26- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Energy Balance Flashcards
It is essential for our body to maintain a constant internal body temperature in order to maintain ________. If temperature fluctuates, _____ do not function properly. The ________ is responsible for maintaining/regulating body temp within a narrow range.
It is essential for our body to maintain a constant internal body temperature in order to maintain HOMEOSTASIS. If temperature fluctuates, ENZYMES do not function properly. The HYPOTHALAMUS is responsible for maintaining/regulating body temp within a narrow range.
Core body temperature in humans
99.7 F
How is temperature maintained?
It’s a balance between heat gained and heat lost
5 methods of heat gain/loss:
- Radiation
- Conduction
- Convection
- Evaporation
- Metabolism
Radiation
UV light, gain
Conduction
Touching, both gain and loss
Convection
Air, both gain and loss
Evaporation
Water vapor, loss
Metabolism
Chemical reactions, gain
Explain what would happen on a cold, snowy day and which methods of gain/loss would be affected
- Conduction (very little), loss
- Convection, loss
- Metabolism, gain
Explain what would happen on a hot, sunny day and which methods of gain/loss would be affected.
- Radiation, gain
- Convection, gain
- Metabolism, gain
- Evaporation, loss
- Conduction (very little)
Hypothermia is when
heat loss exceeds heat gain
Typically associate hypothermia with ___ degrees Fahrenheit or lower. Affects enzymes by ____ them down. Symptoms include: decreased heart rate, decreased resp rate, decreased metabolism, coma, and death. Hypothermia can also be therapeutic- ex: ___ ___ ______
Typically associate hypothermia with 95 degrees Fahrenheit or lower. Affects enzymes by slowing them down. Symptoms include: decreased heart rate, decreased resp rate, decreased metabolism, coma, and death. Hypothermia can also be therapeutic- ex: open heart surgery
Behavioral (voluntary) changes with hypothermia
- Putting on a jacket, affects convection
- Drinking hot coffee, affects conduction and metabolism
- Sitting in front of the fire, affects convection
Physiological (involuntary) changes with hypothermia
- Shivering
- Vasoconstriction
Common causes of hypothermia
environmental and anesthesia
HYPERTHERMIA- heat ___ exceeds heat ____. Common causes include ____, _________, and _____. Unlike hypothermia, enzymes get ______ as a result of increased temp. This occurs at different temperatures depending on the age and overall health status of the individual.
HYPERTHERMIA- heat gain exceeds heat loss. Common causes include exercise, environmental, and fever. Unlike hypothermia, enzymes get denatured as a result of increased temp. This occurs at different temperatures depending on the age and overall health status of the individual.
Behavioral changes for hyperthermia may include
- Drinking iced tea
- Jumping into the pool
A fever is due to invading organism or foreign substance and is the body’s attempt to eliminate the invader. This leads to controlled Hyperthermia. A fever is caused by the release of _______ from white blood cells that increase the release of _______ ultimately affecting the hypothalamus to raise the set point. The elevated temp speeds healing by increasing the metabolic rate and inhibiting bacterial growth.
A fever is due to invading organism or foreign substance and is the body’s attempt to eliminate the invader. This leads to controlled Hyperthermia. A fever is caused by the release of PYROGENS from white blood cells that increase the release of PROSTAGLANDINS ultimately affecting the hypothalamus to raise the set point. The elevated temp speeds healing by increasing the metabolic rate and inhibiting bacterial growth.
Metabolism is the
sum total of all biochemical reactions occurring in the body- some of which are catabolic while others are anabolic
Metabolic rate
body’s rate of energy output
3 locations for energy use:
- Basal metabolic rate
- Thermic effect of food
- Muscle activity
Basal metabolic rate
energy that keeps resting body functioning (60%)- majority
Thermic effect of food
energy needed for digestion of food (10%)- least
Muscle activity
energy used for movement of skeletal muscles (30%)
Energy usage-
The raw #’s may change, but the overall percentages stay the ___
same
An olympian and a couch potato will have the ____ _____
same percentages
Energy ____ should = energy ____
Energy input should = energy output
If there’s an imbalance between energy intake and energy output..
either weight gain/loss will occur
Average male of ___ lbs needs an average of _____ calories
Average male of 154 lbs needs an average of 2,500 calories
Average female of ___ lbs needs an average of _____ calories
Average female of 120 lbs needs an average of 2,000 calories
2 ways to produce energy (ATP):
anaerobically and aerobically
Anaerobic respiration
- No Oxygen
- 2 steps
- Produces 2 ATP
Aerobic respiration
- Oxygen
- 3 steps
- Produces 38 ATP per glucose
Energy input comes from the..
food we eat
Primary vs Secondary antibody-mediated immune responses to the same antigen
In a secondary respone, there’s a decrease in lag time and an increase in antibodies
Lag time
Time between invasion of antigen into body and the appearance of antibodies
Active natural immunity
common cold
Passive natural immunity
nursing/breastfeeding
Active artificial immunity
vaccine
Passive artificial immunity
transfusion
Autoimmune diseases
regulatory T
Allergy
IgE
Tissue Rejection
MHC 1
Cancer
MHC 1
Influenza
Antigens mutate
HIV/AIDS
- Attacks CD4 lymphocytes (t4) which is a helper T
- Reverse transcriptiase
Reverse Transcriptase
RNA becomes DNA
Why is T4 so important?
It turns on T and B cell activation. Since HIV attacks T4, T/B activation will be turned off, relying only on innate immunity
People with HIV/AIDS are prone to ______ ______
secondary infections
