Chapter 17- Endocrine System Flashcards
Humoral Stimulus
hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients
ex) Calcitonin
Neural Stimulus
hormone release caused by neural input
ex) Epinephrine
Hormonal Stimulus
hormone release caused by another hormone
ex) Thyroid
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Juvenile onset (usually kids)
Insulin-dependent (requires insulin, they completely lack it)
Pineal Gland
-effect
-what it secretes
-stimulus type
Effects: sleep wake cycle
Hormone: melatonin
Neural Stimulus
The _____ of a specific hormone goes to a specific _____ on the surface of the organ
target organ(s)
receptors
What’s necessary to produce T3 and T4?
Iodine (from the diet)
The hypothalamus makes two posterior pituitary glands: ______ and _______
How do they travel to the P.P?
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
hypothalamohypophysial tract (HHT)
T3 and T4 are low
TSH and TRH increase
The endocrine system works with the ____ ______ to maintain homeostasis. The endocrine system ______ into the _______
nervous system
secretes hormones into the blood
What allows secretions to go directly into extracellular space and then into the blood?
Ductless glands
T3 and T4 are high
TSH and TRH decrease
Ovaries and testes are a _______ stimulus
Hormonal
PTH ______ calcium levels by stimulating ________
increases
osetoclasts
Glucagon =
Insulin =
Glucagon = glycogenolysis
Insulin = glycogenesis
Gestational Diabetes
Temporary, during pregnancy
May become type 2 diabetic after pregnancy
Baby may come out to be 12+ lbs
Diabetes Mellitus leads to fasting ______
hyperglycemia
TRH- from______
TSH- from ______
T3, T4 from ______
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
What test identifies Diabetes Insipidus?
Water deprivation test
Ovaries and testes are gonads, producing _____ and _____. Testes produce _____ in males and ovaries produce ____ and _____ in females
Ovaries and testes are gonads, producing GAMETES and SEX HORMONES Testes produce TESTOSTERONE in males and ovaries produce ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE in females
The thyroid gland is a _____ stimulus and releases _______
Humoral stimulus
Calcitonin
What connects the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?
The hypothalamohypophysial portal vein (HHPV)
Hyperthyroidism =
Hypothyroidism =
What can these cause?
Hyperthyroidism = grave disease
Hypothyroidism = cretinism (as a child)
A goiter
Diabetes Insipidus
Low/absent secretion of ADH
Inability to concentrate urine and conserve water
Potentially causes dehydration
Hormones of the anterior pituitary
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
3 possible stimuli that will cause an endocrine gland to release its hormone
Neural
Hormonal
Humoral
Does the posterior pituitary gland make hormones?
No, it just stores it. The hypothalamus makes them
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Adults
Resistance to insulin
Non-insulin dependent
Linked to obesity
Hyposecretion of GH as a child =
Hypersecretion of GH as a child =
Hypersecretion as an adult =
Dwarfism
Giantism
Acromeagly
______ and ______ are anti-ADH
Alcohol and caffeine
Pancreas > _____ function > _______ of _____ > _____ and ______
Pancreas > Endocrine function > Islets of Langerhans > alpha and beta cells
_____ is one of the rare examples of _________ in the body
Oxytocin
Positive feedback
Alpha cells secrete ____, a hormone that ____ the glucose level in the blood
glucagon
raises
Positive feedback
A stimulus initiates actions that will prolong the stimulus
Calcitonin _____ calcium levels by stimulating _______
lowers
osteoblasts
Beta cells secrete _____, a hormone that _____ the glucose levels in the blood
insulin
decreases
Melatonin is linked to _____, a type of _____ that arises during ______. This is caused by
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
depression
winter
the shortened amount of daylight causes an increased production of melatonin
Negative feedback
A stimulus initiates actions that will stop the stimulus
______ of ADH causes ______
hyposecretion
diabetes
Parathyroid glands are a _____ stimulus and releases
humoral
PTH
- Corticotropin RH (CRH) =
- ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) =
- hypothalamus
- anterior pituitary
Diabetes Mellitus, PU/PD
Results from hyposecretion of insulin, causing blood glucose levels to remain high
PU/PD = pee and drink alot
The adrenal medulla secretes ______ and _______ which is a _______ stimulus
epinephrine and norepinephrine
neural
Pancreas:
has both exocrine (_____) and
endocrine (______) functions
exocrine (digestion)
endocrine (glucose)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
- target organ and effect
Target organ: Thyroid Gland
Effect (T3 and T4): regulates cellular metabolism
Growth Hormone
Stimulates growth/production of body cells
Target Organs: bone and muscle
Effect: growth
Controlled by GhRh of the hypothalamus
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Hyposecretion?
Target Organ: kidneys
Effect: increases water retention and decreases urine output
Hyposecretion = diabetes
Adrenal Glands
and exs.
Secretes both male and female sex hormones
Ex:
gonadocorticoids (sex hormones)
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
Oxytocin
Target Organs: mammary glands and uterus
Effect: stimulates uterine contractions and milk letdown
Synergism (with estrogen and progesterone)
Positive feedback
Prolactin
Target Organ: mammary gland
Effect: stimulates lactation
Synergism (with estrogen and progesterone)
What connects the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?
HHT
Anything with Rh in it, like GhRh, goes to the ______ _____(instead of the target organ assigned to it)
anterior pituitary
Insulin/glucagon are a ______ stimulus
Humoral
What connects the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?
HHPV
