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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 17- Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 17- Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Humoral Stimulus

A

hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients

ex) Calcitonin

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2
Q

Neural Stimulus

A

hormone release caused by neural input

ex) Epinephrine

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3
Q

Hormonal Stimulus

A

hormone release caused by another hormone

ex) Thyroid

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4
Q

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Juvenile onset (usually kids)
Insulin-dependent (requires insulin, they completely lack it)

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5
Q

Pineal Gland
-effect
-what it secretes
-stimulus type

A

Effects: sleep wake cycle
Hormone: melatonin

Neural Stimulus

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6
Q

The _____ of a specific hormone goes to a specific _____ on the surface of the organ

A

target organ(s)
receptors

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7
Q

What’s necessary to produce T3 and T4?

A

Iodine (from the diet)

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8
Q

The hypothalamus makes two posterior pituitary glands: ______ and _______

How do they travel to the P.P?

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

hypothalamohypophysial tract (HHT)

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9
Q

T3 and T4 are low

A

TSH and TRH increase

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10
Q

The endocrine system works with the ____ ______ to maintain homeostasis. The endocrine system ______ into the _______

A

nervous system

secretes hormones into the blood

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11
Q

What allows secretions to go directly into extracellular space and then into the blood?

A

Ductless glands

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12
Q

T3 and T4 are high

A

TSH and TRH decrease

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13
Q

Ovaries and testes are a _______ stimulus

A

Hormonal

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14
Q

PTH ______ calcium levels by stimulating ________

A

increases

osetoclasts

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15
Q

Glucagon =
Insulin =

A

Glucagon = glycogenolysis
Insulin = glycogenesis

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16
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Temporary, during pregnancy
May become type 2 diabetic after pregnancy
Baby may come out to be 12+ lbs

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17
Q

Diabetes Mellitus leads to fasting ______

A

hyperglycemia

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18
Q

TRH- from______
TSH- from ______
T3, T4 from ______

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland

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19
Q

What test identifies Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Water deprivation test

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20
Q

Ovaries and testes are gonads, producing _____ and _____. Testes produce _____ in males and ovaries produce ____ and _____ in females

A

Ovaries and testes are gonads, producing GAMETES and SEX HORMONES Testes produce TESTOSTERONE in males and ovaries produce ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE in females

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21
Q

The thyroid gland is a _____ stimulus and releases _______

A

Humoral stimulus
Calcitonin

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22
Q

What connects the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamohypophysial portal vein (HHPV)

23
Q

Hyperthyroidism =
Hypothyroidism =

What can these cause?

A

Hyperthyroidism = grave disease
Hypothyroidism = cretinism (as a child)

A goiter

24
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Low/absent secretion of ADH
Inability to concentrate urine and conserve water
Potentially causes dehydration

25
Q

Hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

Growth hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone

26
Q

3 possible stimuli that will cause an endocrine gland to release its hormone

A

Neural
Hormonal
Humoral

27
Q

Does the posterior pituitary gland make hormones?

A

No, it just stores it. The hypothalamus makes them

28
Q

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A

Adults
Resistance to insulin
Non-insulin dependent
Linked to obesity

29
Q

Hyposecretion of GH as a child =
Hypersecretion of GH as a child =
Hypersecretion as an adult =

A

Dwarfism
Giantism
Acromeagly

30
Q

______ and ______ are anti-ADH

A

Alcohol and caffeine

31
Q

Pancreas > _____ function > _______ of _____ > _____ and ______

A

Pancreas > Endocrine function > Islets of Langerhans > alpha and beta cells

32
Q

_____ is one of the rare examples of _________ in the body

A

Oxytocin
Positive feedback

33
Q

Alpha cells secrete ____, a hormone that ____ the glucose level in the blood

A

glucagon
raises

34
Q

Positive feedback

A

A stimulus initiates actions that will prolong the stimulus

35
Q

Calcitonin _____ calcium levels by stimulating _______

A

lowers
osteoblasts

36
Q

Beta cells secrete _____, a hormone that _____ the glucose levels in the blood

A

insulin
decreases

37
Q

Melatonin is linked to _____, a type of _____ that arises during ______. This is caused by

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
depression
winter

the shortened amount of daylight causes an increased production of melatonin

38
Q

Negative feedback

A

A stimulus initiates actions that will stop the stimulus

39
Q

______ of ADH causes ______

A

hyposecretion
diabetes

40
Q

Parathyroid glands are a _____ stimulus and releases

A

humoral
PTH

41
Q
  1. Corticotropin RH (CRH) =
  2. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) =
A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. anterior pituitary
42
Q

Diabetes Mellitus, PU/PD

A

Results from hyposecretion of insulin, causing blood glucose levels to remain high

PU/PD = pee and drink alot

43
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes ______ and _______ which is a _______ stimulus

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine
neural

44
Q

Pancreas:
has both exocrine (_____) and
endocrine (______) functions

A

exocrine (digestion)
endocrine (glucose)

45
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
- target organ and effect

A

Target organ: Thyroid Gland
Effect (T3 and T4): regulates cellular metabolism

46
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Stimulates growth/production of body cells
Target Organs: bone and muscle
Effect: growth
Controlled by GhRh of the hypothalamus

47
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Hyposecretion?

A

Target Organ: kidneys
Effect: increases water retention and decreases urine output

Hyposecretion = diabetes

48
Q

Adrenal Glands
and exs.

A

Secretes both male and female sex hormones
Ex:
gonadocorticoids (sex hormones)
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids

49
Q

Oxytocin

A

Target Organs: mammary glands and uterus
Effect: stimulates uterine contractions and milk letdown
Synergism (with estrogen and progesterone)
Positive feedback

50
Q

Prolactin

A

Target Organ: mammary gland
Effect: stimulates lactation
Synergism (with estrogen and progesterone)

51
Q

What connects the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?

A

HHT

52
Q

Anything with Rh in it, like GhRh, goes to the ______ _____(instead of the target organ assigned to it)

A

anterior pituitary

53
Q

Insulin/glucagon are a ______ stimulus

A

Humoral

54
Q

What connects the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?

A

HHPV

Anatomy 2 (14 decks)

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