Chapter 19- Heart Flashcards
Pulmonary circuit
sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Systemic circuit
sends oxygenated blood to the body
The heart is located between the lungs, within a space called the _________. ____ of the heart is on the ____ side of the thorax between the ___ rib and ___ ______ ___.
The heart is located between the lungs, within a space called the MEDIASTINUM. 2/3 of the heart is on the LEFT side of the thorax between the 2ND rib and 5TH INTERCOSTAL SPACE.
The heart is angled obliquely with the apex pointing towards the ____ ____ resting on the _____. It’s also enclosed in a _________ ___ which has 2 layers, the ______ ______ and the _____ _____.
The heart is angled obliquely with the apex pointing towards the LEFT HIP resting on the DIAPHRAGM. It’s also enclosed in a PERICARDIAL SAC which has 2 layers, the FIBROUS PERICARDIUM, and the SEROUS PERICARDIUM.
Fibrous pericardium
the outer tough fibrous CT sac that surrounds the heart, preventing overfilling
Serous pericardium
This _______ ____ is filled with a few milliliters of _____ _____
the thinner, more delicate membrane that is composed of 2 layers (parietal and visceral) with a small space in between.
This PERICARDIAL SPACE is filled with a few milliliters of PERICARDIAL FLUID.
Inflammation of the serous pericardium
Inflammation of the epicardium
Pericarditis
Epicarditis
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Definition and which is the largest layer?
Epicardium- thin, external layer of the heart
Myocardium- cardiac muscle layer, in the middle, intercalated discs, striated, involuntary
Endocardium- thin, lines the inside of the heart
Myocardium is the largest layer
List the order of the pericardial sac from the outside-in
The ____ is the same layer as the ____
- Fibrous pericardium
- Serous pericardium
- Parietal
- Visceral
The visceral is the same layer as the epicardium
The heart flows from
right to left
&
top to bottom
Internally, the atria are separated by the ______ _____, while the ventricles are separated by the ________ _____.
Interatrial septum
Interventricular septum
Externally, the _____ ___ divides the atria from the ventricles
Coronary sulcus
What are the auricles?
Extensions of the atria
3 openings into the right atria
SVC
IVC
Coronary sulcus
Valves function to
prevent backflow of the blood
The __ ______________ ______ between the atria and ventricles are flaps connected to _______ _______ in the walls of the ventricles by ______ ______. The AV valve on the right side is the _______ valve and the AV valve on the left is the ________ valve.
The __ _______ _____ are within the pulmonary trunk and the aorta, 2 of the vessels that are attached to the heart: ________ ____ and _____ ____
The 2 ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES between the atria and ventricles are flaps connected to PAPILLARY MUSCLES in the walls of the ventricles by CHORDAE TENDINEAE. The AV valve on the right side is the TRICUSPID valve and the AV valve on the left is the BICUSPID VALVE.
The 2 SEMILUNAR VALVES are within the pulmonary trunk and the aorta, 2 of the vessels that are attached to the heart: PULMONARY VALVE and AORTIC VALVE
The papillary muscles and chordae tendinae help with the
valves closing
How the heart beats
Top (atria) 1st beats together
Bottom (ventricles) beat together
List the blood flow THROUGH the heart and whether it’s deoxy. or oxygenated blood
SVC, IVC, or CS –> right atrium –> tricuspid valve –> right ventricle –> pulmonary valve –> pulmonary artery –> LUNGS –> pulmonary vein –> left atrium –> bicuspid valve –> left ventricle –> aortic valve –> aorta –> BODY
everything before the lungs (right side of the heart) is deoxygenated blood, and everything after (left side of the heart), is oxygenated
Determine the starting point (SVC, IVC, CS) and why:
RBC that flows from the toe to the toe
IVC- the toe is BELOW the heart
Determine the starting point (SVC, IVC, CS):
RBC that flows from ear to ear
SVC- the ear is ABOVE the heart
Determine the starting point (SVC, IVC, CS):
RBC that flows from arm to arm
SVC- the arm is ABOVE the heart
Determine the starting point (SVC, IVC, CS):
RBC that flows from heart to heart
Coronary sinus- only option for heart
Pulmonary artery carries
deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein carries
oxygenated blood
From the aorta, the heart will get the first supply of newly oxygenated blood through the _____ and _____ _______ _____.
The deoxygenated blood goes through the veins in the myocardium and will be drained back into the heart/returned by the ________ _____, a large vein.
From the aorta, the heart will get the first supply of newly oxygenated blood through the RIGHT and LEFT CORONARY ARTERIES
The deoxygenated blood goes through the veins in the myocardium and will be drained back into the heart/returned by the CORONARY SULCUS, a large vein.
The ______ ______ _____ is smaller than the left one and extends from the aorta around to the posterior part of the heart. Two branches are the _____ ______ ______, bringing oxygenated blood to the lateral wall of the right atrium, and the _______ ________ _____, supplying oxygenated blood to both ventricles posterior. Branches of each of these supply the right atrium.
The RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY is smaller than the left one and extends from the aorta around to the posterior part of the heart. Two branches are the RIGHT MARGINAL BRANCH, bringing oxygenated blood to the lateral wall of the right atrium, and the POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR BRANCH, supplying oxygenated blood to both ventricles posterior. Branches of each of these supply the right atrium.
The _____ ______ ____ branches off into the ____ ______ __________ _______, supplying oxygenated blood to both anterior ventricles.
Other branches include the ________ _____, supplying blood to the lateral and posterior left atrium
The LEFT CORONARY ARTERY branches off into the LEFT ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR BRANCH, supplying oxygenated blood to both anterior ventricles.
Other branches include the CIRCUMFLEX BRANCH, supplying blood to the lateral and
posterior left atrium.
It’s not uncommon to have variation in the blood supply to the heart. Examples:
15% of people have both IV branches off left
4% have a single coronary artery
Most cardiac health problems result from faulty coronary circulation due to blood clots, fatty atherosclerotic plaque, or spasms of the smooth muscle within the coronary artery wall. When there is a reduced flow to the heart muscle, it is termed _______. This may result in _____ ______ = severe pain in the heart that results from reduced blood flow.
__________ pills can be placed under the tongue and dissolve – this is a vasodilating drug that will result in an increase in blood flow to areas of the heart wall.
Most cardiac health problems result from faulty coronary circulation due to blood clots, fatty atherosclerotic plaque, or spasms of the smooth muscle within the coronary artery wall. When there is a reduced flow to the heart muscle, it is termed ISCHEMIA. This may result in ANGINA PECTORIS = severe pain in the heart that results from reduced blood flow.
NITROGLYCERIN pills can be placed under the tongue and dissolve – this is a vasodilating drug that will result in an increase in blood flow to areas of the heart wall.
Myocardial Infarction
-definition and cause
A heart attack, in which there is death of an area of the myocardium due to interruption of the blood supply. When this occurs, the normal contractile muscle dies and is replaced by fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue) that does not contract.
Cause: thrombus formation in the coronary artery.
Cardiac muscle has large demand for oxygen and the need to produce ATP at all times.
As a result there are a _______________ within the cells.
These take up space, limiting the amount of space for other organelles such as the __________ _______.
As you recall, the sarcoplasmic reticulum is a storage area for ______ which is necessary for ______________________
Cardiac muscle has large demand for oxygen and the need to produce ATP at all times.
As a result there are a large number of mitochondria within the cells.
These take up space, limiting the amount of space for other organelles such as the SARCOPLASMIC RECTICULUM.
As you recall, the sarcoplasmic reticulum is a storage area for calcium which is necessary for the muscle to contract.
Cardiac muscle cells need to contract uniformly. This is accomplished with the presence of _______ and ___ junctions allowing the cardiac muscle cells the ability to ______ and ______ __ __ _____
Cardiac muscle cells need to contract uniformly. This is accomplished with the presence of desmosomes and gap junctions allowing the cardiac muscle cells the ability to communicate and function as a unit.
Conduction system through the heart:
1. Under normal conditions, cardiac excitation begins the ___ _____ located in the wall of the ____ ____. Each impulse (action potential) from the SA node travels through both atria and cause them to contract.
- The impulse moves down to the ___ _____, located in the superior portion of the _________ ____. It is then stimulated and sends the action potential to….
- the _____ ___ ___ then to the……
- _____ and _____ _____ _____ within the interventricular septum.
- Finally, the impulse is passed to the _______ _____, taking the impulse to the myocardium of the ventricles and causing a contraction of the ventricles.
- Under normal conditions, cardiac excitation begins the SINOATRIAL NODE (SA node), located in the wall of the RIGHT ATRIUM. Each impulse (action potential) from the SA node travels through both atria and cause them to contract.
- The impulse moves down to the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE (AV node), located in the superior portion of the INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM. It is then stimulated and sends the action potential to….
- the BUNDLE OF HIS then to the……
- RIGHT and LEFT BRANCH BUNDLES within the interventricular septum.
- Finally, the impulse is passed to the PURKINJE FIBERS, taking the impulse to the myocardium of the ventricles and causing a contraction of the ventricles.
SA node originates the _____ and is called the _____ of the heart
impulse
pacemaker
