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Anatomy 2 > Chapter 22- Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 22- Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Goal of the respiratory system:

A

Obtain O2 and remove CO2

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2
Q

Respiration involves 4 steps:

A

ventilation, external respiration, transport, and internal respiration

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3
Q

Anatomy/pathway of the respiratory system:

A

nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchial tree -> lungs

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4
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

nose, pharynx

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5
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

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6
Q

Conducting airway means

A

oxygen can’t get into the blood

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7
Q

Respiratory airway means

A

oxygen can get from the tube, into the blood

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8
Q

Conducting:

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and upper half of bronchial tree

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9
Q

Respiratory:

A

Lower half of bronchial tree and lungs

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10
Q

Trachea

A

Lower & conducting

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11
Q

Pharynx

A

Upper & conducting

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12
Q

Alveolus

A

Lower & respiratory

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

NOSE: External portion of the nose is composed of cartilage and skin and lined with mucous membrane. Openings to the nose are the EXTERNAL ______ (nostrils) that lead into the NASAL CAVITY which is divided into 2 compartments by the NASAL ______. The anterior portion of the cavity are the _______. Within the nasal cavity are _______ which increase the surface area and create turbulent air flow.

A

NOSE: External portion of the nose is composed of cartilage and skin and lined with mucous membrane. Openings to the nose are the EXTERNAL NARES (nostrils) that lead into the NASAL CAVITY which is divided into 2 compartments by the NASAL SEPTUM. The anterior portion of the cavity are the VESTIBULES. Within the nasal cavity are CONCHAE which increase the surface area and create turbulent airflow.

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15
Q

Conchae are also called _____ because they…

A

Turbinates because they increase the surface area and create turbulent air flow

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16
Q

Functions of the nose

A
  1. Smell
  2. Heats the air
  3. Humidify
  4. Filter
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17
Q

PHARYNX: A muscular tube that is lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is divided into 3 parts: _____________________
Remember, this is the location for the ____

A

PHARYNX: A muscular tube that is lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is divided into 3 parts: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. Remember, this is the location for the tonsils

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18
Q

The _______ ____ of the pharynx is responsible for _____ and ______. It connects from the _________ to the ____, so children under the age of ___ commonly get ____ _____

A

The Eustachian tube of the pharynx is responsible for pressure and balance. It connects from the nasopharynx to the ear, so children under the age of 2 commonly get ear infections

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19
Q

LARYNX: This is the ____ ____ that connects the ____ with the _____- consists of 9 different cartilages.

A

LARYNX: This is the voice box that connects the pharynx with the trachea- consists of 9 different cartilages.

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20
Q

List the structures of the larynx

A
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Arytenoid cartilage
  • Epiglottis
  • Vocal cords
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21
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Adams apple

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22
Q

Cricoid Cartilage

A

Landmark (trachea is immediately below it)

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23
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A
  • Protective over the airway
  • Helps epiglottis close properly
  • Location of vocal folds/cords and connects to the thyroid cartilage
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24
Q

The larynx contains 2 sets of mucous membranes, a set of ______ ____ ______ that vibrate and produce the voice, and a set of ______ _____ ______, which lie superior to the true cords and offer protection to them. ( pathology = ________ inflammation of the vocal cords)

A

The larynx contains 2 sets of mucous membranes, a set of TRUE VOCAL CORDS that vibrate and produce the voice, and a set of FALSE VOCAL CORDS, which lie superior to the true cords and offer protection to them. ( pathology = LARYNGITIS: inflammation of the vocal cords)

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25
Q

Epiglottis

A

Controls air and food movement

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26
Q

In men, their

A

vocal cords are longer and thicker

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27
Q

In women, their

A

vocal cords are shorter and thinner

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28
Q

Superior vocal fold (AKA _______ _____ _____) is responsible for

A

False vocal cords- protection

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29
Q

Inferior vocal fold (AKA ______ _____ ____) is responsible for

A

True vocal cords- voice

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30
Q

What serves as the attachment between the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage?

A

True vocal cords

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31
Q

TRACHEA: Structure that extends from the larynx to the PRIMARY ______. It is composed of smooth muscle and C - shaped ______ ______ rings. It is lined with pseudostratified ______ columnar epithelium containing goblet cells.
At the point that the trachea divides into a rt. and lt. primary bronchi, there is an internal ridge called the ______. It has very sensitive areas that when irritated, can trigger a cough reflex.

A

TRACHEA: Structure that extends from the larynx to the PRIMARY BRONCHI. It is composed of smooth muscle and C - shaped hyaline cartilage rings. It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells.
At the point that the trachea divides into a rt. and lt. primary bronchi, there is an internal ridge called the CARINA. It has very sensitive areas that when irritated, can trigger a cough reflex.

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32
Q

Carina

A

cough reflex center

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33
Q

Main function of the trachea

A

filters more air

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34
Q

BRONCHI: The BRONCHIAL TREE consists of the

A

trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.

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35
Q

Bronchi pathway

A

primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles

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36
Q

As the bronchial tree divides more and more, the hyaline cartilage that is found at the beginning of the structure is replaced by ______ ______. During an ______ _______, the _____ _______ contracts and decreases the diameter of the airway. Because there is no cartilage to keep the airway open deep into the tree, muscle spasms can close off the airway. _________ can be administered through an inhaler to relax these muscles and open the airways.

A

As the tree divides more and more, the hyaline cartilage that is found at the beginning of the structure is replaced by smooth muscle. During an ASTHMA ATTACK, the smooth muscle contracts and decreases the diameter of the airway. Because there is no cartilage to keep the airway open deep into the tree, muscle spasms can close off the airway. EPINEPHRINE can be administered through an inhaler to relax these muscles and open the airways.

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37
Q

Asthma =

A

Bronchoconstriction

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38
Q

The end of cartilage is at the

A

terminal bronchioles

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39
Q

Bronchi- Conducting:

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, bronchioles, terminal bronchiole

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40
Q

Bronchi- Respiratory:

A

respiratory bronchioles

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41
Q

There are ___ lobes on the right and ___ on the left

A

3 lobes on the right

2 on the left

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42
Q

The primary bronchi

A

takes right or left

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43
Q

The secondary bronchi

A

takes into the lobes

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44
Q

Lungs: from the respiratory bronchioles, it goes into the

A

alveolar duct -> alveolar sac -> alveolus

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45
Q

LUNGS: Lungs are paired organs that are in the thoracic cavity. They are subdivided into 3 lobes on the right side and 2 lobes on the left. They are enclosed and protected by the _____ ______ that has 2 parts:

A

LUNGS: Lungs are paired organs that are in the thoracic cavity. They are subdivided into 3 lobes on the right side and 2 lobes on the left. They are enclosed and protected by the PLEURAL MEMBRANE that has 2 parts: the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura.

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46
Q

Lungs- parietal pleura

A

outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity.

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47
Q

Lungs- visceral pleura

A

the inner layer, covering the lungs themselves

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48
Q

Lungs:
Between the pleurae is a small space, the ______ ____, which contains a lubricating fluid that is secreted by the membranes. This fluid reduces friction between the membranes and helps to insure adherence of the membranes to each other.
Pleural inflammation = _____
Fluid accumulation from infection or cancer = ____ _____

A

Between the pleurae is a small space, the pleural cavity, which contains a lubricating fluid that is secreted by the membranes. This fluid reduces friction between the membranes and helps to insure adherence of the membranes to each other.
Pleural inflammation = pleurisy
Fluid accumulation from infection or cancer = pleural effusion

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49
Q

Lungs: parietal pleura and visceral pleura are detached from each other and portion of the pleural cavity fills with air =

A

pneumothorax

50
Q

To form the lungs, the alveolar ducts lead into grape cluster structures called ________ ____made up of a number of _____

A

To form the lungs, the alveolar ducts lead into grape cluster structures called ALVEOLAR SACS made up of a number of ALVEOLI.

51
Q

Cells within the alveoli include

A

Alveolar Macrophages
Type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes

52
Q

Alveolar Macrophages:

A

Cells that wander and remove dust particles an debris (filters) Old and dead macrophages need to be cleared from the alveoli. Many are swept up by ciliary currents of the superior portions of the respiratory tree and carried passively to the pharynx.

53
Q

Type I pneumocytes/alveolar cells

A

cells where actual gas exchange occurs

54
Q

Type II pneumocytes/alveolar cells

A

These are cells also found within the alveoli. They produce a slippery substance called SURFACTANT which prohibits the internal lung surfaces from sticking to each other.

55
Q

The surfactant that’s produced by type 2 pneumocytes:

A

provides surface tension and keeps alveoli from collapsing

56
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrome is seen in premature infants. This occurs because not enough surfactant has been produced and the internal portion of the alveolar walls adhere. A woman can be given ______ when there is threat of a premature delivery.This will cross the placenta and stimulate surfactant production in the fetus.

A

Cortisol

57
Q

There are also ______ ______ in the walls of the alveoli, allowing for recoil. These alveoli sacs are surrounded by a network of capillaries.

A

Elastic fibers

58
Q

What happens if elastic fibers are destroyed?

A

Hard time exhaling

59
Q

Surfactant is produced by Type two pneumocytes by

A

7 months of gestation/pregnancy

60
Q

Gas exchange occurs mainly at the level of the ______, across the _____ _____

A

Gas exchange occurs mainly at the level of the alveoli, across the respiratory membrane

61
Q

GAS EXCHANGE: The actual passage of the O2 from the lungs into the blood and the CO2 from the blood into the lungs. This gas exchange occurs by ______ ______

A

simple diffusion

62
Q

Layers of the respiratory membrane in order

A
  • Surfactant
  • Type 1 pneumocyte
  • Basement membrane
  • Interstitial space
  • Basement membrane
  • Endothelium
63
Q

3 basic processes of respiration.

A

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.

64
Q

PULMONARY VENTILATION (breathing) consists of

A

INSPIRATION and EXPIRATION

65
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation - Inspiration/Inhalation

A
  • Diaphragm contracts
  • External intercostals contract
  • Parietal pleura pulls on visceral pleura
66
Q

Volume/Pressure for Inhalation

A

Volume increases, pressure decreases

67
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation - Expiration/Exhalation

A
  • Diaphragm relaxes
  • External intercostals relax
  • Visceral pleura pulls on parietal pleura
  • Elastic fibers recoil
68
Q

Volume/Pressure for Exhalation

A

Volume decreases, pressure increase

69
Q

Boyle’s law

A

Volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

70
Q

What allows air to move?

A

Boyle’s law

71
Q

During exertion, ______ ______ occurs, allowing more air into the lungs. This is not _____, and the ______ _______ contract, pulling the ribs downward. ______ ________ are also contracting.

A

During exertion, ACTIVE BREATHING occurs, allowing more air into the lungs. This is not passive, and the INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS contract, pulling the ribs downward. Abdominal muscles are also contracting.

72
Q

Active breathing can force ____ ____ ___ so that the next time you inhale, you can breathe in more air

A

more air out

73
Q

Normal respiratory rate of an adult

A

12-16 breaths per minute

74
Q

Tidal Volume-
Inspiratory Reserve Volume-
Expired Reserve Volume-
Residual Volume-
most vs least mL?

A

Tidal volume has the least and IRV has the most

75
Q

Air moves from an area of

A

high pressure to low pressure

76
Q

Minute ventilation

A

The volume of gas either inhaled or exhaled from a person’s lungs per minute

77
Q

Tidal volume

A

one inhalation, one exhalation

78
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

Amount of air you can forcibly inhale beyond tidal volume

79
Q

Expired Reserve Volume

A

Amount of air you can forcibly exhale beyond tidal volume

80
Q

Residual Volume

A

The amount of air you can’t forcibly exhale

81
Q

Dalton’s law

A

Gasses in a mixture move independent of one another based on their concentrations (partial pressure)

82
Q

This movement of 2 different respiratory gases follows _____ _____: Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if all other gases were not present.
The pressure of a specific gas in a mixture is called its ______ _____ and is noted by
pO2 and pCO2.

These partial pressure differences are important in understanding what occurs during ________ _______ and ________ ______, the second and third steps in respiration.

A

This movement of 2 different respiratory gases follows DALTON’s LAW: Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if all other gases were not present.
The pressure of a specific gas in a mixture is called its PARTIAL PRESSURE and is noted by
pO2 and pCO2.

These partial pressure differences are important in understanding what occurs during EXTERNAL RESPIRATION and INTERNAL RESPIRATION, the second and third steps in respiration.

83
Q

Oxygen Saturation

A

Concentration/saturation of oxygen in the blood

84
Q

Oxygen does not dissolve well in water, therefore only 1.5% of O2 is _______ in the _______. 98.5% is ______ on _________ of the RBCs. It is transported as _________

A

Oxygen does not dissolve well in water, therefore only 1.5% of O2 is dissolved in the plasma. 98.5% is carried on HEMOGLOBIN (Hb) of the RBCs. It is transported as OXYHEMOGLOBIN.

85
Q

HEMOGLOBIN: A molecule that is composed of a protein portion called _________ and an iron-containing pigment portion called _____. The heme portion contains 4 atoms of _______, each capable of combining with a molecule of oxygen.

A

HEMOGLOBIN: A molecule that is composed of a protein portion called GLOBIN and an iron-containing pigment portion called HEME. The heme portion contains 4 atoms of IRON, each capable of combining with a molecule of oxygen.

86
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

The CO2 competes for oxygen spots on hemoglobin which can lead to death

87
Q

CO2 TRANSPORT:
CO2 is carried in 3 different ways:
1. _________ CO2: 7% is ________ in _____. When it reaches the lungs, it diffuses into the alveoli.
2. 23% _______ with the _______ in Hb. Since this occurs on a different binding site than oxygen, there is no competition, as seen with CO.
3. 70% of CO2 from the cells is transferred as a _________ ______ in the plasma. Most CO2 entering the plasma (internal respiration) will quickly enter the RBC’s. Chemical reactions occur that will allow the CO2 to be transported as a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in the plasma.

A

CO2 TRANSPORT:
CO2 is carried in 3 different ways:
1. Dissolved CO2: 7% is dissolved in plasma. When it reaches the lungs, it diffuses into the alveoli.
2. 23% combines with the globin in Hb. Since this occurs on a different binding site than oxygen, there is no competition, as seen with CO.
3. 70% of CO2 from the cells is transferred as a BICARBONATE ION in the plasma. Most CO2 entering the plasma (internal respiration) will quickly enter the RBC’s. Chemical reactions occur that will allow the CO2 to be transported as a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in the plasma.

88
Q

External Respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries

89
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and the cells

90
Q

During External Respiration,

A

Oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves into the alveolus

91
Q

During Internal Respiration,

A

Oxygen moves into the tissue and CO2 moves into the blood

92
Q

In external respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest?
Lowest?

A

In external respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest? Blood
Lowest? Alveolus

93
Q

In external respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest?
Lowest?

A

In external respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest? Alveolus
Lowest? Blood

94
Q

In external respiration, following gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest?
Lowest?

A

In external respiration, following gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest? Alveolus
Lowest? Blood

95
Q

In external respiration, following gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest?
Lowest?

A

In external respiration, following gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest? Blood
Lowest? Alveolus

96
Q

In internal respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest?
Lowest?

A

In internal respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest? Tissue
Lowest? Blood

97
Q

In internal respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest?
Lowest?

A

In internal respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest? Blood
Lowest? Tissue

98
Q

In internal respiration, following gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest?
Lowest?

A

In internal respiration, following gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest? Blood
Lowest? Tissue

99
Q

In internal respiration, following gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest?
Lowest?

A

In internal respiration, following gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest? Tissue
Lowest? Blood

100
Q

How is the majority of Co2 carried?

A

Transferred as a bicarbonate ion

101
Q

a. CO2 enters the RBC, combines with H20 and, in the presence of ________ _______ becomes _________ ______ (H2CO3).
b. H2CO3 is unstable and quickly breaks down into H+ and HCO3-.
c. The H+ combines with hemoblobin molecules and the HCO3- diffuses into the plasma, where it will be carried to the lungs.
d. To balance the decrease of negative charges that occurs when the HCO3- leaves the RBC, there will be an influx of Cl- enter the RBC from the plasma. This is known as the ______ ____

A

a. CO2 enters the RBC, combines with H20 and, in the presence of CARBONIC ANHYDRASE becomes carbonic acid (H2CO3).
b. H2CO3 is unstable and quickly breaks down into H+ and HCO3-.
c. The H+ combines with hemoblobin molecules and the HCO3- diffuses into the plasma, where it will be carried to the lungs.
d. To balance the decrease of negative charges that occurs when the HCO3- leaves the RBC, there will be an influx of Cl- enter the RBC from the plasma. This is known as the CHLORIDE SHIFT.

102
Q

RESPIRATORY CENTER: exists within the _______ ________ and the _____ of the brain. This is where the ______ to _____ comes from

A

RESPIRATORY CENTER: exists within the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and the PONS of the brain. This is where the SIGNAL to BREATHE comes from

103
Q

RESPIRATORY CENTER: exists within the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and the PONS of the brain. The medulla is the area that will receive information from the body regarding the need for O2 and respond.

It establishes the initial action potentials that control breathing. In the normal state, impulses ________ _____ in this area, and travel to the muscles of inspiration. The impulses reach the diaphragm by the ______ ______ and the external intercostals by the __________ _____and inspiration occurs.

A

It establishes the initial action potentials that control breathing. In the normal state, impulses spontaneously fire in this area, and travel to the muscles of inspiration. The impulses reach the diaphragm by the PHRENIC NERVES and the external intercostals by the INTERCOSTAL NERVES and inspiration occurs.

104
Q

Apnea

A

absence of breathing

105
Q

The PONS influences and modifies breathing and is especially important in controlling the

A

transition between inhaling and exhaling

106
Q

What is the main stimulus that tells the body to breathe?

A

CO2

107
Q

Acute =
Chronic =

A

Acute = apnea
Chronic = increase in respiratory rate

108
Q

Influences on the rate of respiration

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Pain
  3. pH
  4. CO2 and O2 levels
  5. Stretching sphincter response
109
Q

In a conscious patient, sudden pain will cause ______. In an unconscious patient, pain can be used to stimulate _____

A

In a conscious patient, sudden pain will cause apnea. In an unconscious patient, pain can be used to stimulate respiration

110
Q

Asthma- problem with

A

ventilation

111
Q

Pulmonary edema- problem with

A

external respiration

112
Q

Emphysema- problem with

A

ventilation

113
Q

pH and respiratory rate are

A

inversely proportionate

114
Q

O2 and respiratory rate are

A

inversely proportionate

115
Q

CO2 and respiratory rate are

A

proportionate

116
Q

COPD- problem with

A

ventilation

117
Q

Lung cancer- problem with

A

ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration

118
Q

Destruction of elastic fibers

A

Emphysema

119
Q

Exhaling is difficult with emphysema and due to the constantly inflated alveoli, the person’s chest changes shape and a ____ _____ results.

A

barrel chest

120
Q

THE OCCURRENCE OF LUNG CANCER IS ____ GREATER IN CIGARETTE SMOKERS THAN NONSMOKERS.

A

20X

121
Q

ACHOO-

A

Autosomal
Compulsive
Helio-ophthalmic
Outburst

122
Q

Autosomal
Compulsive
Helio-ophthalmic
Outburst

What does this mean?

A

When you see the sun, you sneeze (sun stimulates reflex)

Anatomy 2 (14 decks)

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