Chapter 22- Respiratory System Flashcards
Goal of the respiratory system:
Obtain O2 and remove CO2
Respiration involves 4 steps:
ventilation, external respiration, transport, and internal respiration
Anatomy/pathway of the respiratory system:
nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchial tree -> lungs
Upper respiratory tract
nose, pharynx
Lower respiratory tract
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs
Conducting airway means
oxygen can’t get into the blood
Respiratory airway means
oxygen can get from the tube, into the blood
Conducting:
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and upper half of bronchial tree
Respiratory:
Lower half of bronchial tree and lungs
Trachea
Lower & conducting
Pharynx
Upper & conducting
Alveolus
Lower & respiratory
NOSE: External portion of the nose is composed of cartilage and skin and lined with mucous membrane. Openings to the nose are the EXTERNAL ______ (nostrils) that lead into the NASAL CAVITY which is divided into 2 compartments by the NASAL ______. The anterior portion of the cavity are the _______. Within the nasal cavity are _______ which increase the surface area and create turbulent air flow.
NOSE: External portion of the nose is composed of cartilage and skin and lined with mucous membrane. Openings to the nose are the EXTERNAL NARES (nostrils) that lead into the NASAL CAVITY which is divided into 2 compartments by the NASAL SEPTUM. The anterior portion of the cavity are the VESTIBULES. Within the nasal cavity are CONCHAE which increase the surface area and create turbulent airflow.
Conchae are also called _____ because they…
Turbinates because they increase the surface area and create turbulent air flow
Functions of the nose
- Smell
- Heats the air
- Humidify
- Filter
PHARYNX: A muscular tube that is lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is divided into 3 parts: _____________________
Remember, this is the location for the ____
PHARYNX: A muscular tube that is lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is divided into 3 parts: the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. Remember, this is the location for the tonsils
The _______ ____ of the pharynx is responsible for _____ and ______. It connects from the _________ to the ____, so children under the age of ___ commonly get ____ _____
The Eustachian tube of the pharynx is responsible for pressure and balance. It connects from the nasopharynx to the ear, so children under the age of 2 commonly get ear infections
LARYNX: This is the ____ ____ that connects the ____ with the _____- consists of 9 different cartilages.
LARYNX: This is the voice box that connects the pharynx with the trachea- consists of 9 different cartilages.
List the structures of the larynx
- Thyroid cartilage
- Cricoid cartilage
- Arytenoid cartilage
- Epiglottis
- Vocal cords
Thyroid cartilage
Adams apple
Cricoid Cartilage
Landmark (trachea is immediately below it)
Arytenoid cartilage
- Protective over the airway
- Helps epiglottis close properly
- Location of vocal folds/cords and connects to the thyroid cartilage
The larynx contains 2 sets of mucous membranes, a set of ______ ____ ______ that vibrate and produce the voice, and a set of ______ _____ ______, which lie superior to the true cords and offer protection to them. ( pathology = ________ inflammation of the vocal cords)
The larynx contains 2 sets of mucous membranes, a set of TRUE VOCAL CORDS that vibrate and produce the voice, and a set of FALSE VOCAL CORDS, which lie superior to the true cords and offer protection to them. ( pathology = LARYNGITIS: inflammation of the vocal cords)
Epiglottis
Controls air and food movement
In men, their
vocal cords are longer and thicker
In women, their
vocal cords are shorter and thinner
Superior vocal fold (AKA _______ _____ _____) is responsible for
False vocal cords- protection
Inferior vocal fold (AKA ______ _____ ____) is responsible for
True vocal cords- voice
What serves as the attachment between the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage?
True vocal cords
TRACHEA: Structure that extends from the larynx to the PRIMARY ______. It is composed of smooth muscle and C - shaped ______ ______ rings. It is lined with pseudostratified ______ columnar epithelium containing goblet cells.
At the point that the trachea divides into a rt. and lt. primary bronchi, there is an internal ridge called the ______. It has very sensitive areas that when irritated, can trigger a cough reflex.
TRACHEA: Structure that extends from the larynx to the PRIMARY BRONCHI. It is composed of smooth muscle and C - shaped hyaline cartilage rings. It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells.
At the point that the trachea divides into a rt. and lt. primary bronchi, there is an internal ridge called the CARINA. It has very sensitive areas that when irritated, can trigger a cough reflex.
Carina
cough reflex center
Main function of the trachea
filters more air
BRONCHI: The BRONCHIAL TREE consists of the
trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.
Bronchi pathway
primary bronchi -> secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles
As the bronchial tree divides more and more, the hyaline cartilage that is found at the beginning of the structure is replaced by ______ ______. During an ______ _______, the _____ _______ contracts and decreases the diameter of the airway. Because there is no cartilage to keep the airway open deep into the tree, muscle spasms can close off the airway. _________ can be administered through an inhaler to relax these muscles and open the airways.
As the tree divides more and more, the hyaline cartilage that is found at the beginning of the structure is replaced by smooth muscle. During an ASTHMA ATTACK, the smooth muscle contracts and decreases the diameter of the airway. Because there is no cartilage to keep the airway open deep into the tree, muscle spasms can close off the airway. EPINEPHRINE can be administered through an inhaler to relax these muscles and open the airways.
Asthma =
Bronchoconstriction
The end of cartilage is at the
terminal bronchioles
Bronchi- Conducting:
primary, secondary, tertiary, bronchioles, terminal bronchiole
Bronchi- Respiratory:
respiratory bronchioles
There are ___ lobes on the right and ___ on the left
3 lobes on the right
2 on the left
The primary bronchi
takes right or left
The secondary bronchi
takes into the lobes
Lungs: from the respiratory bronchioles, it goes into the
alveolar duct -> alveolar sac -> alveolus
LUNGS: Lungs are paired organs that are in the thoracic cavity. They are subdivided into 3 lobes on the right side and 2 lobes on the left. They are enclosed and protected by the _____ ______ that has 2 parts:
LUNGS: Lungs are paired organs that are in the thoracic cavity. They are subdivided into 3 lobes on the right side and 2 lobes on the left. They are enclosed and protected by the PLEURAL MEMBRANE that has 2 parts: the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura.
Lungs- parietal pleura
outer layer that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity.
Lungs- visceral pleura
the inner layer, covering the lungs themselves
Lungs:
Between the pleurae is a small space, the ______ ____, which contains a lubricating fluid that is secreted by the membranes. This fluid reduces friction between the membranes and helps to insure adherence of the membranes to each other.
Pleural inflammation = _____
Fluid accumulation from infection or cancer = ____ _____
Between the pleurae is a small space, the pleural cavity, which contains a lubricating fluid that is secreted by the membranes. This fluid reduces friction between the membranes and helps to insure adherence of the membranes to each other.
Pleural inflammation = pleurisy
Fluid accumulation from infection or cancer = pleural effusion
Lungs: parietal pleura and visceral pleura are detached from each other and portion of the pleural cavity fills with air =
pneumothorax
To form the lungs, the alveolar ducts lead into grape cluster structures called ________ ____made up of a number of _____
To form the lungs, the alveolar ducts lead into grape cluster structures called ALVEOLAR SACS made up of a number of ALVEOLI.
Cells within the alveoli include
Alveolar Macrophages
Type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes
Alveolar Macrophages:
Cells that wander and remove dust particles an debris (filters) Old and dead macrophages need to be cleared from the alveoli. Many are swept up by ciliary currents of the superior portions of the respiratory tree and carried passively to the pharynx.
Type I pneumocytes/alveolar cells
cells where actual gas exchange occurs
Type II pneumocytes/alveolar cells
These are cells also found within the alveoli. They produce a slippery substance called SURFACTANT which prohibits the internal lung surfaces from sticking to each other.
The surfactant that’s produced by type 2 pneumocytes:
provides surface tension and keeps alveoli from collapsing
Infant respiratory distress syndrome is seen in premature infants. This occurs because not enough surfactant has been produced and the internal portion of the alveolar walls adhere. A woman can be given ______ when there is threat of a premature delivery.This will cross the placenta and stimulate surfactant production in the fetus.
Cortisol
There are also ______ ______ in the walls of the alveoli, allowing for recoil. These alveoli sacs are surrounded by a network of capillaries.
Elastic fibers
What happens if elastic fibers are destroyed?
Hard time exhaling
Surfactant is produced by Type two pneumocytes by
7 months of gestation/pregnancy
Gas exchange occurs mainly at the level of the ______, across the _____ _____
Gas exchange occurs mainly at the level of the alveoli, across the respiratory membrane
GAS EXCHANGE: The actual passage of the O2 from the lungs into the blood and the CO2 from the blood into the lungs. This gas exchange occurs by ______ ______
simple diffusion
Layers of the respiratory membrane in order
- Surfactant
- Type 1 pneumocyte
- Basement membrane
- Interstitial space
- Basement membrane
- Endothelium
3 basic processes of respiration.
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.
PULMONARY VENTILATION (breathing) consists of
INSPIRATION and EXPIRATION
Pulmonary Ventilation - Inspiration/Inhalation
- Diaphragm contracts
- External intercostals contract
- Parietal pleura pulls on visceral pleura
Volume/Pressure for Inhalation
Volume increases, pressure decreases
Pulmonary Ventilation - Expiration/Exhalation
- Diaphragm relaxes
- External intercostals relax
- Visceral pleura pulls on parietal pleura
- Elastic fibers recoil
Volume/Pressure for Exhalation
Volume decreases, pressure increase
Boyle’s law
Volume and pressure are inversely proportional.
What allows air to move?
Boyle’s law
During exertion, ______ ______ occurs, allowing more air into the lungs. This is not _____, and the ______ _______ contract, pulling the ribs downward. ______ ________ are also contracting.
During exertion, ACTIVE BREATHING occurs, allowing more air into the lungs. This is not passive, and the INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS contract, pulling the ribs downward. Abdominal muscles are also contracting.
Active breathing can force ____ ____ ___ so that the next time you inhale, you can breathe in more air
more air out
Normal respiratory rate of an adult
12-16 breaths per minute
Tidal Volume-
Inspiratory Reserve Volume-
Expired Reserve Volume-
Residual Volume-
most vs least mL?
Tidal volume has the least and IRV has the most
Air moves from an area of
high pressure to low pressure
Minute ventilation
The volume of gas either inhaled or exhaled from a person’s lungs per minute
Tidal volume
one inhalation, one exhalation
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Amount of air you can forcibly inhale beyond tidal volume
Expired Reserve Volume
Amount of air you can forcibly exhale beyond tidal volume
Residual Volume
The amount of air you can’t forcibly exhale
Dalton’s law
Gasses in a mixture move independent of one another based on their concentrations (partial pressure)
This movement of 2 different respiratory gases follows _____ _____: Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if all other gases were not present.
The pressure of a specific gas in a mixture is called its ______ _____ and is noted by
pO2 and pCO2.
These partial pressure differences are important in understanding what occurs during ________ _______ and ________ ______, the second and third steps in respiration.
This movement of 2 different respiratory gases follows DALTON’s LAW: Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if all other gases were not present.
The pressure of a specific gas in a mixture is called its PARTIAL PRESSURE and is noted by
pO2 and pCO2.
These partial pressure differences are important in understanding what occurs during EXTERNAL RESPIRATION and INTERNAL RESPIRATION, the second and third steps in respiration.
Oxygen Saturation
Concentration/saturation of oxygen in the blood
Oxygen does not dissolve well in water, therefore only 1.5% of O2 is _______ in the _______. 98.5% is ______ on _________ of the RBCs. It is transported as _________
Oxygen does not dissolve well in water, therefore only 1.5% of O2 is dissolved in the plasma. 98.5% is carried on HEMOGLOBIN (Hb) of the RBCs. It is transported as OXYHEMOGLOBIN.
HEMOGLOBIN: A molecule that is composed of a protein portion called _________ and an iron-containing pigment portion called _____. The heme portion contains 4 atoms of _______, each capable of combining with a molecule of oxygen.
HEMOGLOBIN: A molecule that is composed of a protein portion called GLOBIN and an iron-containing pigment portion called HEME. The heme portion contains 4 atoms of IRON, each capable of combining with a molecule of oxygen.
Carbon Monoxide
The CO2 competes for oxygen spots on hemoglobin which can lead to death
CO2 TRANSPORT:
CO2 is carried in 3 different ways:
1. _________ CO2: 7% is ________ in _____. When it reaches the lungs, it diffuses into the alveoli.
2. 23% _______ with the _______ in Hb. Since this occurs on a different binding site than oxygen, there is no competition, as seen with CO.
3. 70% of CO2 from the cells is transferred as a _________ ______ in the plasma. Most CO2 entering the plasma (internal respiration) will quickly enter the RBC’s. Chemical reactions occur that will allow the CO2 to be transported as a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in the plasma.
CO2 TRANSPORT:
CO2 is carried in 3 different ways:
1. Dissolved CO2: 7% is dissolved in plasma. When it reaches the lungs, it diffuses into the alveoli.
2. 23% combines with the globin in Hb. Since this occurs on a different binding site than oxygen, there is no competition, as seen with CO.
3. 70% of CO2 from the cells is transferred as a BICARBONATE ION in the plasma. Most CO2 entering the plasma (internal respiration) will quickly enter the RBC’s. Chemical reactions occur that will allow the CO2 to be transported as a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) in the plasma.
External Respiration
exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
Internal respiration
exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and the cells
During External Respiration,
Oxygen moves into the blood and carbon dioxide moves into the alveolus
During Internal Respiration,
Oxygen moves into the tissue and CO2 moves into the blood
In external respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest?
Lowest?
In external respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest? Blood
Lowest? Alveolus
In external respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest?
Lowest?
In external respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest? Alveolus
Lowest? Blood
In external respiration, following gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest?
Lowest?
In external respiration, following gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest? Alveolus
Lowest? Blood
In external respiration, following gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest?
Lowest?
In external respiration, following gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest? Blood
Lowest? Alveolus
In internal respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest?
Lowest?
In internal respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest? Tissue
Lowest? Blood
In internal respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest?
Lowest?
In internal respiration, prior to gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest? Blood
Lowest? Tissue
In internal respiration, following gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest?
Lowest?
In internal respiration, following gas exchange, where are CO2 levels the highest? Blood
Lowest? Tissue
In internal respiration, following gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest?
Lowest?
In internal respiration, following gas exchange, where are O2 levels the highest? Tissue
Lowest? Blood
How is the majority of Co2 carried?
Transferred as a bicarbonate ion
a. CO2 enters the RBC, combines with H20 and, in the presence of ________ _______ becomes _________ ______ (H2CO3).
b. H2CO3 is unstable and quickly breaks down into H+ and HCO3-.
c. The H+ combines with hemoblobin molecules and the HCO3- diffuses into the plasma, where it will be carried to the lungs.
d. To balance the decrease of negative charges that occurs when the HCO3- leaves the RBC, there will be an influx of Cl- enter the RBC from the plasma. This is known as the ______ ____
a. CO2 enters the RBC, combines with H20 and, in the presence of CARBONIC ANHYDRASE becomes carbonic acid (H2CO3).
b. H2CO3 is unstable and quickly breaks down into H+ and HCO3-.
c. The H+ combines with hemoblobin molecules and the HCO3- diffuses into the plasma, where it will be carried to the lungs.
d. To balance the decrease of negative charges that occurs when the HCO3- leaves the RBC, there will be an influx of Cl- enter the RBC from the plasma. This is known as the CHLORIDE SHIFT.
RESPIRATORY CENTER: exists within the _______ ________ and the _____ of the brain. This is where the ______ to _____ comes from
RESPIRATORY CENTER: exists within the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and the PONS of the brain. This is where the SIGNAL to BREATHE comes from
RESPIRATORY CENTER: exists within the MEDULLA OBLONGATA and the PONS of the brain. The medulla is the area that will receive information from the body regarding the need for O2 and respond.
It establishes the initial action potentials that control breathing. In the normal state, impulses ________ _____ in this area, and travel to the muscles of inspiration. The impulses reach the diaphragm by the ______ ______ and the external intercostals by the __________ _____and inspiration occurs.
It establishes the initial action potentials that control breathing. In the normal state, impulses spontaneously fire in this area, and travel to the muscles of inspiration. The impulses reach the diaphragm by the PHRENIC NERVES and the external intercostals by the INTERCOSTAL NERVES and inspiration occurs.
Apnea
absence of breathing
The PONS influences and modifies breathing and is especially important in controlling the
transition between inhaling and exhaling
What is the main stimulus that tells the body to breathe?
CO2
Acute =
Chronic =
Acute = apnea
Chronic = increase in respiratory rate
Influences on the rate of respiration
- Temperature
- Pain
- pH
- CO2 and O2 levels
- Stretching sphincter response
In a conscious patient, sudden pain will cause ______. In an unconscious patient, pain can be used to stimulate _____
In a conscious patient, sudden pain will cause apnea. In an unconscious patient, pain can be used to stimulate respiration
Asthma- problem with
ventilation
Pulmonary edema- problem with
external respiration
Emphysema- problem with
ventilation
pH and respiratory rate are
inversely proportionate
O2 and respiratory rate are
inversely proportionate
CO2 and respiratory rate are
proportionate
COPD- problem with
ventilation
Lung cancer- problem with
ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration
Destruction of elastic fibers
Emphysema
Exhaling is difficult with emphysema and due to the constantly inflated alveoli, the person’s chest changes shape and a ____ _____ results.
barrel chest
THE OCCURRENCE OF LUNG CANCER IS ____ GREATER IN CIGARETTE SMOKERS THAN NONSMOKERS.
20X
ACHOO-
Autosomal
Compulsive
Helio-ophthalmic
Outburst
Autosomal
Compulsive
Helio-ophthalmic
Outburst
What does this mean?
When you see the sun, you sneeze (sun stimulates reflex)
