Chapter 26 Flashcards
appendicular skeleton
the division of the skeletal system consisting of the bones of the paired appendages, including the pelvic and pectoral girdles to which they are attracted
axial skeleton
the division of the skeletal system that forms the central column, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
bone
a connective tissue that provides support and structure to the body and that often is the site of fat storage and blood cell production
cardiac muscle
the type of striated muscle tissue that forms the muscles of the heart
cardiovascular system
a fluid transport system of the body, consisting of the heart, all the blood vessels int he body, the blood that flows through these vessels, and the bone marrow tissue in which red blood cells are formed
cartilage
a connective tissue that serves as padding in most joints, forms the human larynx (voicebox) and trachea (windpipe), and links ribs to the breastbone
compact bone
dense bone that forms the outer portiong of bones, structured as a set of parallel osteons and their associated nerves and blood vessels
connective tissue
a tissue, active in the support and protection of other tissues, whose cells are surrounded by a material that they have secreted
dermis
in certain animals, the thick layer of the skin -composed mostly of connective tissue -that underlies, nourishes, and supports the epidermis
digestive system
the organ system that transports food into the body, secretes digestive enzymes that help break down food to allow it to be absorbed by the body, and excretes waste products
endocrine gland
a gland that releases its materials directly into surrounding tissues or into the bloodstream, without using ducts
endocrine system
the organ system that sends signals throughout the body through use of the chemical messengers called hormones
epidermis
the outermost layer of skin in animals or the outermost cell layer in plants
epithelial tissue
a tissue that covers surfaces exposed to an external environment. In humans, skin is an epithelial tissue, as is the lining of the digestive tract
exocrine gland
a gland that secretes its materials through ducts (tubes)
gland
organs or group of cells that are specialized to secrete one or more substances
homeostasis
the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in living things
hormone
a substance that, when released in one part of an organism, foes on to prompt physiological activity in another part of the organism. Both plants and animals have them
immune system
the collection of cells and proteins that, in vertebrates, function together to kill or neutralize invading microorganisms
integumentary system
the organ system that protects the body from the external environment and assists in regulation of body temperature
keratin
a flexible, water-resistant protein, abundant in the outer layers of skin, that also makes up hair and fingernails
ligaments
in anatomy, a connective tissue that links one bone to another
lymphatic network
in humans, the transport network that collects interstitial fluid, transports it as lymph through lymphatic vessels, checks the fluid for infection, and delivers the fluid to blood vessels
muscle fiber
a single skeletal muscle cell; called fiber because of its extreme length relative to most cells
muscle tissue
tissue that has the ability to contract. In humans, one of the four principal types of tissue
muscular system
the organ system composed of all the skeletal muscles of the body, which is to say all muscles that are under voluntary control
negative feedback
a system of control in which the product of a process reduces the activity that led to the product
nervous system
the organ system that monitors an animal’s internal and external environment, integrates the sensory information received, and coordinates the animal’s responses
nervous tissue
a tissue specialized for the rapid conduction of electrical impulses
organ
a highly organized unit within an organism, performing one or more functions, that is formed of several kinds of tissue
organ system
a group of interrelated organs and tissues that serve a particular set of functions in the body
osteoblast
an immature bone cell that secretes organic material that becomes bone matrix,, thus producing new bone
osteoclast
a type of bone cell that dissolves bone matrix, thus liberating the minerals stored in it
osteocyte
mature bone cell that maintains the structure and density of bone by continually recycling calcium compounds around itself
red marrow
a tissue, found in cavities of bones in the human body, within which all of the adult body’s blood cells are reproduced
reproductive system
in humans, the organ system that develops gametes and delivers them to a location where they can fuse with other gametes to produce a new individual
respiratory system
the organ system that brings oxygen into the body and expels carbon diozide from the body
sarcomere
the functional unit of a striated muscle that contracts when thin filaments slide past thick filaments. The sarcomere shortens, thus contracting the whole muscle
sebaceous glands
a type of gland in the skin that produces a waxy, oily secretion (sebum) that lubricates the hair shaft and inhibits bacterial growth in the surrounding area
skeletal muscle
in humans, muscle that is attached to bone, that is under conscious control, and that microscopically has s striped or “striated” appearance owing to the parallel orientation of the long, fibrous units that make it up
skeletal system
the human organ sustem that forms an internal supporting framework for the body and protects delicate tissues and organs
skin
in humans, an organ consisting of two tissue layers, an outer epidermis and inner dermis, and covering the outside of the body. The skin protects the body and receives signas from the environment
smooth muscle
in humans, muscle that is not under voluntary control and that lacks a striated appearance
spongy bone
type of bone that is porous and less dense than compact bone. Spongy bone fills the expanded ends of long bones
sweat gland
in humans, the type of duct-containing (exocrine) gland that produces perspiration
tendons
the connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to a bone
tissue
an organized assemblage of similar cells that serves a common function
urinary system
the organ system that eliminates waste products from the blood through formation of urine
yellow marrow
in human beings, a tissue largely made up of energy-storing fat cells found in the marrow cavity of long bones
What organs make up the digestive system?
the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines plus accessory glands such as the pancreas and gallbladder
What does the integumentary system consists of?
skin and associated structures, such as glands, hair, and nails
Principal types of tissue
muscle, epithelial, connective, nervous
What does the nervous system consists of?
neurons, plus the supporting neuroglia cells, plus the sensory organs
What is smooth muscle responsible for?
contractions of the uterus, digestive tract, blood vessels, and passageways of the lungs
What does the urinary system consist of?
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
