Chapter 25 Flashcards
angiosperm
a flowering seed plant whose seeds are enclosed within the tissue called fruit. Angiosperms are the most dominant and diverse of the four principal types of plants
anther
the part of the flower within which pollen grains are produced. The anther is on top of a filament, and together they make up the flower’s stamen
apical meristern
groups of plant cells, located at the tips of the roots and shoots, that give rise to all tissues in the plant
blade
in plants, the major broad part of a leaf
bud
an undeveloped plant shoot, composed mostly of meristematic tissue
carpel
the female reproductive structure of a flower, consisting of an ovary, a style, and a stigma
cotyledon
an embryonic leaf. A major division in plants is between the monocots, which have one embryonic leaf, and the dicots, which have two embryonic leaves
dicotyledon (dicot)
a type of plant that has two embryonic leaves within its seed. More than three-quarters of all flowering plants are broad-leafed dicotyledons
double fertilization
a fusion of gametes and of nutritive cells that occurs at the same time in angiosperm plants
embryo sac
the mature female gametophyte plant. Cells of the embryo sac include the eggs that will be fertilized by one sperm cell from the pollen grain, and the central cell, whose two nuclei will fuse with a second sperm cell from the pollen grain, thus producing food for the embryo
fibrous root system
a plant root system that consists of many roots, all about the same size
filament
the part of a stamen (male reproductive part of a flower) that is shaped like and functions as a stalk and has an anther at the top
fruit
the mature ovary of any flowering plant. Many fruits protect the underlying seeds, and many attract animals that will eat the fruit and disperse the seeds
monocotyledon (monocot)
a type of plant that has one embryonic leaf within the seed. Although comprising only one-quarter of all flowering plants, most important food plants are the narrow-leafed monocotyledons
ovary
in flowering plants, the area, located at the base of the carpel, where fertilization of the eff and early development of the embryo occur. In animals, the female reproductive organ in which eggs develop
petal
the colorful, leaf-like structure of a flower; petals attract pollinators
petiole
the stalk of a leaf, attaching it to a branch or trunk
phloem
in vascular plants, the fluid-transporting tissue that conducts the food produced in photosynthesis along with some hormones and other compounds
pollen grain
a sperm-bearing gametophyte plant, consisting at maturity of three cells and an outer coat. One sperm cell within the pollen grain will fertilize the egg cell in the female gametophyte, thus producing a new generation of sporophyte plant
root hair
in plants, a threadlike extension of a root cell. Root hairs greatly increase the surface area of roots, thus allowing greater absorption of water and nutrients
seed
a reproductive structure in plants that includes a plant embryo, its food supply, and a tough protective casing
seed coat
the tough outer layer of a seed, derived from the integuments of the ovule, which protect the embryo from mechanical damage and water loss
sepal
the leaf-like structure that, with other sepals, protects the flower before it opens
sieve element
in plants, a type of cell that conducts phloem sap
spore
a reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another reproductive cell
stamen
the male reproductive structure in a flower, consisting of a stalk-like filament topped by a pollen-producing anther
stigma
in flowering plants, the tip end of a flower’s carpel, where pollen grains are deposited prior to fertilization
stomata
microscopic pores, found in greatest abundance on the undersides of leaves, that allow plants to exchange gases with the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide moves into plants through the stomata, while oxygen and water vapor move out
style
in flowering plants, the stalk-like extension of a carpel that connects its stigma and ovary
taproot system
the type of plant root system that consists of a large central root and many smaller lateral roots
tissue
an organized assemblage of similar cells that serves a common function. Nervous, epithelial, and muscle tissue are some familiar examples
tracheid
in plants, a slender, tapered cell of the xylem that has perforations (bordered pits) that match up with adjacent cells to allow water to move between them
transpiration
the process by which plants lose water when water vapor leaves the plant through open stomata. More than 90% of the water that enters a p[plant evaporates into the atmosphere via transpiration
vessel element
one of two types of cells that make up xylem tissue, which transports water and dissolved minerals through plants. At maturity, vessel elements are dead and empty of cellular contents, thus facilitating the rapid conduction of water
xylem
the tissue through which water and dissolved minerals flow in vascular plants
examples of angiosperms
roses, cacti, corn, deciduous trees
