Chapter 19

Question 1

amniotic egg

Answer 1

an egg with a hard outer casing and an inner series of membranes and fluids that provide protection, nutrients, and waste disposal for a growing embryo. The evolution of the amniotic egg, in reptiles, freed them from the constraint of having to reproduce near water

Question 2

angiosperm

Answer 2

a flowering seed plant whose seeds are enclosed within the tissue called fruit. Angiosperms are the most dominant and diverse of the four principal types of plants

Question 3

examples of angiosperms

Answer 3

roses, cacti, corn, deciduous trees

Question 4

Archae

Answer 4

with Bacteria and Eukarya, one of three domains of the living world, composed solely of microscopic, single-celled organisms superficially similar to bacteria but genetically quite different. Many of the Archae live in extreme environments, such as boiling-hot vents on the ocean floor

Question 5

Bacteria

Answer 5

with Archae and Eukarya, one of three domains of the living world, composed solely of single-celled, microscopic organisms that superficially resemble Archae but that are genetically quite different

Question 6

bryophytes

Answer 6

a plant that lacks a vascular (fluid transport) structure. Bryophytes are the most primitive of the four principal varieties of living plants. Mosses are the most familiar example

Question 7

Cambrian Explosion

Answer 7

the sudden appearance of the ancestors of most modern animals beginning in the Cambrian Period, 542 million years ago

Question 8

continental drift

Answer 8

the movement of continental plates over the globe, allowing continents to divide and rejoin in different patterns

Question 9

Cretaceous Extinction

Answer 9

a mass extinction event that occurred at the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. This event, which included an asteroid impact, resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs along with many other organisms

Question 10

Eukarya

Answer 10

with Bacteria and Archae, one of three domains of the living world, composed of four subordinate kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista. All members of domain Eukarya are composed of single cells or groups of cells that have a nucleus

Question 11

three domains of the living world

Answer 11

Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya

Question 12

subordinate kingdoms of Eukarya

Answer 12

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista

Question 13

eukaryote

Answer 13

an organism that is a member of domain Eukarya

Question 14

gymnosperm

Answer 14

a seed plant whose seeds do not develop within fruit tissue. One of the four principal varieties of plants, gymnosperms reproduce through wind-aided pollination

Question 15

Example of gymnosperms

Answer 15

coniferous trees such as pine and fir

Question 16

Permian Extinction

Answer 16

the greatest mass extinction event in Earth’s history. This event, in which up to 96% of all species on Earth were wiped out, occurred about 251 million years ago

Question 17

prokaryote

Answer 17

a single-celled organism whose complement of DNA is not contained within a nucleus

Question 18

phylum

Answer 18

a category of living things, directly subordinate to the category of kingdom, whose members share traits as a result of shared ancestry. In animals, a group of animals that have a similar structural makeup

Question 19

ribozyme

Answer 19

a molecule composed of RNA that can both encode genetic information and act as an enzyme. Molecules similar to these may have been necessary early in the origin of life

Question 20

seedless vascular plant

Answer 20

a plant that has a vascular (fluid transport) structure but that does not reproduce through use of seeds. One of the four principal varieties of plants

Question 21

Examples of seedless vascular plants

Answer 21

ferns

Question 22

Four principal varieties of plants

Answer 22

angiosperm, bryophytes, gymnosperm, seedless vascular plant