Chapter 11

Question 1

Mendel’s inferences

Answer 1

1) The basic units of genetics are material elements. 2) Those elements come in pairs 3)Those elements can retain their character through many generations 4) Gene pairs separate during the formation of gametes.

Question 2

Cross-pollinate

Answer 2

To pollinate one plant with pollen of another plant.

Question 3

Phenotype

Answer 3

A physiological feature, bodily characteristic, or behavior of an organism.

Question 4

Genotype

Answer 4

The genetic makeup of an organism, including all the genes that lie along its chromosomes.

Question 5

Parental generation (P)

Answer 5

The generation that begins an experimental cross between organisms. Such a cross is used to study genetics and heredity of traits.

Question 6

First filial generation (F1)

Answer 6

The offspring of the parental generation in an experimental genetic cross.

Question 7

Allele

Answer 7

One of the alternative forms of a single gene.

Question 8

Law of Segregation

Answer 8

Differing characters in organisms result from two genetic elements (alleles) that separate in gamete formation, such that each gamete gets only one of the two alleles.Also known as Mendel’s First Law.

Question 9

Homozygous

Answer 9

Having two identical alleles of a gene of a given character.

Question 10

Heterozygous

Answer 10

Possessing two different alleles of a gene for a given character.

Question 11

Dominant

Answer 11

Term used to designate an allele that is expressed in the heterozygous condition.

Question 12

Recessive

Answer 12

Term used to designate an allele that is not expressed in the heterozygous condition.

Question 13

Monohybrid cross

Answer 13

An experimental cross in which organisms are tested for differences in one character.

Question 14

Dihybrid cross

Answer 14

An experimental cross in which the plants used differ in two of their characteristics.

Question 15

Law of independent assortment

Answer 15

During gamete formation, gene pairs assort independently of one another. Also known as Mendel’s Second Law.

Question 16

Incompletely dominant

Answer 16

A genetic condition in which the heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between either of the homozygous phenotypes.

Question 17

Codominance

Answer 17

A condition in which two alleles of a given gene have different phenotype effects, with both effects manifesting in organisms that are heterozygous for the gene.

Question 18

Multiple alleles

Answer 18

Three or more alleles -alternative forms of a gene- occurring in a population.

Question 19

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 19

Inheritance of a genetic character that is determined by the interaction of multiple genes, with each gene having a small additive effect on the character.

Question 20

Bell curve

Answer 20

A distribution of values, found commonly in nature, that is symmetrically largest around the average.

Question 21

Rule of addition

Answer 21

In probability theory, the principle that, when an outcome can occur in two or more different ways, he probability of that outcome is the sum of the respective probabilities.

Question 22

Rule of multiplication

Answer 22

In probability theory, the principle that the probability of any two events happening is the product of their respective probabilities.