Chapter 11 Flashcards
Mendel’s inferences
1) The basic units of genetics are material elements. 2) Those elements come in pairs 3)Those elements can retain their character through many generations 4) Gene pairs separate during the formation of gametes.
Cross-pollinate
To pollinate one plant with pollen of another plant.
Phenotype
A physiological feature, bodily characteristic, or behavior of an organism.
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism, including all the genes that lie along its chromosomes.
Parental generation (P)
The generation that begins an experimental cross between organisms. Such a cross is used to study genetics and heredity of traits.
First filial generation (F1)
The offspring of the parental generation in an experimental genetic cross.
Allele
One of the alternative forms of a single gene.
Law of Segregation
Differing characters in organisms result from two genetic elements (alleles) that separate in gamete formation, such that each gamete gets only one of the two alleles.Also known as Mendel’s First Law.
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles of a gene of a given character.
Heterozygous
Possessing two different alleles of a gene for a given character.
Dominant
Term used to designate an allele that is expressed in the heterozygous condition.
Recessive
Term used to designate an allele that is not expressed in the heterozygous condition.
Monohybrid cross
An experimental cross in which organisms are tested for differences in one character.
Dihybrid cross
An experimental cross in which the plants used differ in two of their characteristics.
Law of independent assortment
During gamete formation, gene pairs assort independently of one another. Also known as Mendel’s Second Law.
Incompletely dominant
A genetic condition in which the heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between either of the homozygous phenotypes.
Codominance
A condition in which two alleles of a given gene have different phenotype effects, with both effects manifesting in organisms that are heterozygous for the gene.
Multiple alleles
Three or more alleles -alternative forms of a gene- occurring in a population.
Polygenic inheritance
Inheritance of a genetic character that is determined by the interaction of multiple genes, with each gene having a small additive effect on the character.
Bell curve
A distribution of values, found commonly in nature, that is symmetrically largest around the average.
Rule of addition
In probability theory, the principle that, when an outcome can occur in two or more different ways, he probability of that outcome is the sum of the respective probabilities.
Rule of multiplication
In probability theory, the principle that the probability of any two events happening is the product of their respective probabilities.
