Chapter 25.1 Part 2 Flashcards
Between visceral and parietal pleura, barrow space, contains Lubricating fluid.
Pleural cavity
Left lung indentation, which the heart lies, makes right lung 10% smaller.
Cardiac notch
Terminal bronchioles subdivided into microscopic branches called?
Respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles are lined with?
Nonciliated epithelium
Cup-shaped our-pouching of an alveolar sac is called?
alveolus
Alveoli are composed of three types of cells..
Type I alveolar cells- main sites of gas exchange. (Simple squamous)
Type II alveolar (septal) cells- secrete alveolar fluid, keeps surface between cells moist.
Alveolar macrophages(dust cells)- wandering phagocytes, remove dust partials and debris.
Mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse also humidifies..
Surfactant surfactant
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between air spaces in the lungs and blood takes place by diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls. These structures form..
Respiratory membrane
The flow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs, occurs due to differences in air pressure.
Pulmonary ventilation
Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles create..
Air pressure changes that power breathing
Breathing in is called?
Inhalation or inspiration
Diaphragm + external intercostals contract, diaphragm descends, and lung volume expands.
Inhalation
Diaphragm and external intercostals relax causes..
Exhalation or expiration
Diaphragm relaxes and rises, lung volume decreases, external intercostals relax, lung volume decreases..
Exhalation
Exhaling forcefully is called?
Active exhalation
Examples of active exhalation are?
Playing wind instrument, exercise and blowing out a candle.
Inverse relationship between volume and pressure.
Boyle’s law- as lung volume increases alveolar pressure decreases, vice versa
While at rest a healthy adult breaths about?
12 times a minute
Tidal volume (tv)=
Volume moved in one breath
Minute ventilation total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute. Equation?
(MV)= f x TV= 6000
Inspiratory reserve volume.. equation?
(IRV)= volume of air that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume (TV)
Expiratory reserve volume.. equation?
(ERV)= Volume of air that can be exhaled beyond TV
Air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration=
Residual volume (RV)
Inspiratory capacity=
TV + IRV
Functional residual capacity(FRC)=
RV + ERV
Vital capacity (VC)=
IRV + TV + ERV
Total lung capacity (TLC)=
VC + RV
Eupnea=
Normal breathing
Coastal breathing=
Shallow breathing, with rib movement
Deep breathing=
Diaphramic breathing
Respiration can modify what in humans?
Speech and emotional responses
Respiration can clear airways by?
Coughing and sneezing
Sum of all partial pressures=
Atmospheric pressure
O2 diffuses from blood to cells down…
Partial pressure gradient
Po2 lower in cells than in blood because?
O2 used in cellular metabolism
What % of blood O2 is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells?
98.5 %
Tissue release of O2 to cells is increased by?
Factors during exercise
In the medulla oblongata controls the basic rhythm of respiration.
Medullary rhythmcity
Nerve signals to inspiratory muscles last for about ?
2 seconds
Expiratory center active only during ?
Forceful breathing
Expiratory area remain inactive during?
Quiet breathing
Cortical input is..
Voluntary adjustment on breathing patterns. For cessation or while swimming.
Chemoreceptor input to..
Increase ventilation
Respiration can be stimulated by..
Limbic system, proprioception, and increase of body temp
Apnea means
Stop breathing
Crackles or Rales=
Fluid in the small airways
Caused by secretion in larger airways or obstructions, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis
Rhonchi
Narrowing of air passage- asthma, congestive heart failure.
Wheezes
