Chapter 24.2 Part 2 Flashcards
What percentage of lymphocytes in the blood are natural killer?
About 5-10%
Destroy microbes & tumor cells, present in lymph nodes & red bone marrow
Natural killer cells (NK)
Defense response of the body tissue damage?
Inflammation
Inflammation helps restore?
Homeostasis
Four signs and symptoms of inflammation are?
Redness, heat, swelling and pain.
Pocket of dead cells=
Pus
Damage to tissue, mast cells in connective tissue and basophils and plates release?
Histamine
Increased permeability of capillaries causes leakage of clotting proteins into tissues, the resulting clot may..
Isolate the invading microbes and toxins.
Shortly after the inflammatory process starts..
Phagocytes are attracted to the site of injury (neutrophils & macrophages)
Forms a physical barrier to the entrance of microbes.
Epidermis of skin
Inhibit the entrance of many microbes, but not as effective as intact skin.
Mucous membrane
Tears dilute and wash away irritating substances and microbes
Lacrimal apparatus
Antimicrobial substances in perspiration, tears, saliva, and tissue fluids.
Lysozyme
Abnormally high body temperature that occurs because the hypothalamic thermostat is reset
Fever
Intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits growth of some microbes, speed up body reactions that aid repair
Fever
Fever causing substances from macrophages?
Inteleukin-1
Any substance such as microbes, foods, drugs, pollen or tissue
Antigen
Includes cell tissues that carry out immune responses.
Immune system
Normally a persons adaptive immune system cells recognize and do not attack there own tissues and..
Self-tolerant
Cells that carry out adaptive immune responses are lymphocytes called?
B cells and T cells
B and T cells originate in..
Red bone marrow
Molecules capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens
Antigen receptors
T cells that directly attack invading antigen
Cell-mediated immune response
Aid- both cell and antibody mediated responses.
Helper T cells
Located on plasma membrane surface of most body cells are protein “self antigens” known as
Major histicompatibility complex (MHC) antigens
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is unique to each individual unless?
You have a identical twin
Reasons why tissues may be rejected when they are transplanted from one person to another?
MHC antigens
Invest and digest the antigen into fragments in vesicles.
Antigen presenting cell
Co-stimulator to T cells is
Inteluekin-1
T cells divided many times the resulting population of identical cells, termed
Clone
Three types of major T cells?
Helper T cells, cytotoxin T cells, memory T cells.
Helper T cells release
IL2, attract phagocytes, stimulate macrophages and B cells.
To reduce risk of rejection, organ transplants receive
Immunosuppressive drugs
Derived from fungus, inhibits secretion of interleukin-2 by helper T cells.
Cyclosporine
Work against tumor cells transplanted cells and infected cells, recognize and bind to infected target cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Remain in lymphatic system tissue long after the original infection and are able to recognize the original
Memory T cells
Virus that destroys T cells
HIV
Ready to respond quickly if antigen met again
Memory B cells
The binding of a antibody to its antigen neutralizes some bacterial toxins and prevents attachment of some viruses
Neutralizing antigen
Some antibodies cause bacteria to lose their motility, which limits bacterial spread into nearby tissues
Immobilizing bacteria
Connect pathogens to one another
Agglutinating
Antigen-antibody complex’s activate complement proteins, which then work to remove microbes though
Activating complement
Binding attracts phagocytes
Enhancing phagocytes
Long lasting antibodies and very long lived lymphocytes.
Immunological memory
Antibodies produced during secondary reasons stronger than the first?
True- larger and quicker
Can the primary response be acquired naturally?
Yes
Artificially acquired immunity
Vaccination
Describe effects of aging on the immune system
Thymus atrophies, fewer responsive T cells, thus poorer B cell response
Why is it important for elderly people to get their flu shot vaccinations each year
Poorer response to newer infections
Lymphedema occurs in ____% mastectomies with axillary Dissections.
12-15%
