Chapter 24: Microbial Diseases of Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the causative agent of typical pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae (bacteria)
What allows the bacterial pathogen to cause scarlet fever?
Erythrogenic toxin produced by lysogenized Streptococcus pyogenes.
Causes hypersensitivity to host.
What is the causative agent of walking pneumonia? Why is it called walking?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Called walking pneumonia because symptoms are very mild (low fever, cough, headache)
What genera of bacteria commonly causes middle ear infections? What’s the scientific term?
- Streptococcus
- Otitis media
What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Can be inhaled and are phagocytized by macrophages. They then replicate within macrophages
What are tubercles?
Clumps of macrophages that wall off bacteria then become calcified to form tubercles
What disease is caused by Bortadella pertussis?
Whooping cough
What vaccine is used to protect against Bortadella pertussis?
DTaP vaccine (Diphtheria toxoid)
What three groups of viruses most commonly cause colds?
- Rhinoviruses
- Coronaviruses
- Enterovirus
What are the principal symptoms and signs of influenza?
Sneezing, nasal secretion, congestion
Which type of influenza is the most severe?
Influenza A
because it can allow for the biggest immune evasion due to more mutations than occur with influenza B
What is the genome of influenza?
8 RNA segments (single stranded)
What are some reservoirs of influenza?
Birds, pigs (mixing vessels for new strains), mammals.
What is the function of neuraminidase?
Helps virus separate from the infected cell
What is the function of Hemagglutin?
Recognize and attach to host cells
What is the name of the process that produces minor variations to influenza?
Antigenic drift: allows virus to evade some host immunity
How is antigenic shift accomplished?
- Changes enough to evade most immunity
- different influenza viruses circulating in the environment infect and multiply inside the same cell, they can then exchange genetic material and create a new virus
What is the reason for tracking and making a new influenza vaccine each year?
Each strain of influenza can easily mutate by going through antigenic drift and shift of their spike proteins HA and NA.
Why do we need to get influenza vaccine every year?
It is necessary to get a new influenza vaccine each year because of the antigenic drift and shift; which allow influenza virus to evade most immunity in host, and also replicate and exchange genetic material to create a new virus, one we don’t have antibodies for.
What does the abbreviation RSV stand for?
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Describe signs and symptoms of RSV:
Coughing and wheezing for more than a week
Know that a new vaccine for RSV has been recently approved for those 65 and older.
Palivizumab
Which particular group (s) of people is most commonly affected by RSV?
Children and older adults
What virus causes COVID-19?
SARS-CoV-2
