Chapter 20: Antimicrobial Drugs

Question 1

Antibiotic:

Answer 1

substances produced by microorganisms that in small amounts inhibit another organism.

Question 2

Antimicrobial drug:

Answer 2

Inhibits the growth of pathogens in a host.

Question 3

Bactericidal:

Answer 3

Kill the bacteria

Question 4

Bacteriostatic:

Answer 4

Inhibits the growth of bacteria

Question 5

How is a broad-spectrum antibiotic different than a narrow spectrum drug?

Answer 5

Broad- targets many groups

Narrow- targets 1 group

Question 6

Contributions of Ehrlich and Fleming to chemotherapy:

Answer 6

> > Ehrlich - Father of chemotherapy.

Used chemicals to treat diseases.

Fleming - Discovered the effectiveness of Penicillin (S. aureus was inhibited in experiment)

Question 7

Genera of microorganisms that are the most common antibiotic producers:

Answer 7

1. Bacillus (bacteria)
2. Streptomyces ( bacteria) (largest producer
3. Cephalosporium (fungi type)
4. Penicillium (a mold, fungi type)

Question 8

Five functions of antimicrobial drug activity:

Answer 8

1. Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
2. Inhibitors of protein synthesis
3. Inhibitors of membrane function
4. Inhibitors of nucleic-acid
5. Anti- metabolites

Question 9

Which drugs work against bacteria?

Answer 9

Amoxicillin
Erythromycin
Ciprofloxacin

Question 10

Which drugs work against fungi?

Answer 10

• Antifungal drugs
  ex. Nystatin
• Anti protozoal drugs
  ex metronidazole
• Anti helminthic drugs

Question 11

Which drugs work against viruses?

Answer 11

• Nucleoside Analogs
  ex. Acyclovir
• Enzyme inhibitors

Question 12

What is the spectrum of activity of most cell wall synthesis inhibitors?

Answer 12

Narrow for Staphylococcus

Question 13

What is the advantage of anti-staphylococcal Penicillins?

Answer 13

Treats MSSA and MRSA

Question 14

What are the cell wall inhibitor antibiotics that are narrow spectrum for acid-fast bacteria?

Answer 14

Antimycobacterial

Question 15

Which genus of bacteria is acid-fast?

Answer 15

Mycobacterium

Question 16

What is the usual spectrum of activity of protein synthesis inhibitors?

Answer 16

Broad

Question 17

Which of the drugs are examples of aminoglycosides?

Answer 17

Gentamicin

Question 18

What is the only anti- bacterial membrane-damaging agent given in lecture?

Answer 18

Polymyxin B (topical)

Question 19

What are the 3 topical antibacterial drugs that are available without a prescription?

Answer 19

• Bacitracin
• Polymyxin B
• Chloramphenicol

Question 20

Why are these drugs used topically instead of ingested as an oral medication?

Answer 20

-Poly= kidney and nerve damage.
-Chlor= aplastic anemia
- Baci= kidney damage

Question 21

Which two antibacterial drugs are completely synthetic?

Answer 21

• Oxazolidinones
• Sulfonamides

Question 22

What does MRSA stand for?

Answer 22

Methicillin resistant S. aureus.

Staph infection difficult to treat because of resistance to some antibiotics

Question 23

What were the different kinds of enzyme inhibitors that were given that were effective against viral replication?

Answer 23

Protease inhibitor

Question 24

What do the names of antiviral medications all have in common?

Answer 24

ends in “-vir”

Question 25

What is the sterol that is used by fungi?

Answer 25

ergosterol

Question 26

What is the sterol that is used by humans?

Answer 26

cholesterol

Question 27

Know the three anti-parasitic drugs and which worm type each targets best

Answer 27

• Niclosamide- tapeworm
• Praziquantel- worms and flukes
• Ivermectin- nematodes-roundworms

Question 28

How organisms become antibiotic resistant?

Answer 28

• Horizontal gene transfer: antibiotic resistant material is transferred between different bacteria (transformation, transduction or conjugation)
• Mutation: through the process of replication, bacteria can develop mutations that make it resistant to antibiotics then the same resistant bacteria continues to multiply

Question 29

Protein synthesis inhibitors are stopping what process?

Answer 29

Translation