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Microbiology > Chapter 14: Principles of Disease and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Principles of Disease and Epidemiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ethiology:

A

Cause of disease

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2
Q

Pathology:

A

Study of disease

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3
Q

Pathogenesis:

A

How disease develops

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4
Q

Infection:

A

Colonization of the body by pathogen (Bacteria enters body and multiplies but we don’t get sick.)

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5
Q

Disease:

A

Previous infection results in structural/functional changes in health (Fever, sore throat, malaise)

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6
Q

Normal microbe:

A

Microbial community permanently living in host (body) and don’t cause disease.

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7
Q

How do people acquire normal microbes?

A

Acquired within first 3 years
within utero (from mother), from food, people, pets, environment. They remain with you for life.

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8
Q

How are normal microbes beneficial to us?

A

Microbial antagonism:
-Competition microbes vs pathogens for nutrients.
-Produces substances harmful for invaders
-Affects pH and oxygen (doesn’t allow pathogen growth)

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9
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen:

A

Doesn’t cause disease in their normal habitat but may do so in a different environment.

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10
Q

What can allow opportunistic pathogens to cause disease?

A

Weakened immune system, disturbance in microbiota.

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11
Q

Symbiosis:

A

Relationship between normal microbiota and host.

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12
Q

Commensalism:

A

One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected (Ex: bacteria on skin).

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13
Q

Mutualism:

A

Both organisms benefit (Ex: gut bacteria).

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14
Q

Parasitism:

A

One organism benefits at the expense of the other (Ex. Tape worm).

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15
Q

Koch’s postulates:

A

Used to prove the cause of infectious disease

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16
Q

Koch’s 4 postulates:

A
  1. Same pathogen must be present in every case of disease.
  2. Pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
  3. Pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it’s inoculated into a healthy, lab animal.
  4. Pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.
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17
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s postulates:

A
  1. Some diseases are caused by a variety of microbes.
  2. Some pathogens can cause several diseases.
  3. Some pathogens cause diseases only in humans.
  4. Some microbes have never been cultured.
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18
Q

Koch’s work is related to what theory?

A

Germ Theory of Disease.

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19
Q

Symptom:

A

Changes in body function FELT by a patient as a result of disease. “I feel like I’m getting sick/ I don’t feel well”

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20
Q

Sign:

A

Changes in the body that CAN be MEASURED/observed as a result from disease (fever).

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21
Q

Syndrome:

A

Signs and symptoms that accompany a disease.

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22
Q

Communicable disease:

A

A disease that is spread from one host to another. Ex. Through contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or by being bitten by an insect.

23
Q

Noncommunicable disease:

A

A disease that is not spread from one host to another. Ex: tetanus.

24
Q

Endemic Disease:

A

A disease CONSTANTLY present in a population. Ex. Cold.

25
Q

How does and endemic disease become an epidemic?

A

When endemic disease is acquired by many people in an area in short time.

26
Q

Acute disease:

A

Symptoms develop quick but disease lasts a short time.

27
Q

Chronic Disease:

A

Symptoms develop slowly and may worsen over time (HIV).

28
Q

Subacute Disease:

A

Intermediate between acute and chronic.

29
Q

Latent Disease:

A

Disease that is dormant because microorganism is inactive. (when activates produces symptoms)

30
Q

Subclinical infection:

A

No noticeable signs or symptoms. It’s living in your body (doesn’t get you sick). May be infectious.

31
Q

Five periods of disease:

A
  1. Incubation
  2. Prodromal period
  3. Illness period
  4. Decline period
  5. Convalescence period
    (You are contagious in all periods but most in #3)
32
Q
  1. Incubation period:
A

Interval between initial infection (entering body) and signs/symptoms.

33
Q
  1. Prodromal period:
A

Relatively short; early mild symptoms of disease. MALAISE–> when you start feeling sick.

34
Q
  1. Illness period:
A

Disease is most severe. Very contagious. Number of WBC increases or decreases fighting pathogens.
DEATH MIGHT OCCUR if immune system/medication cannot fight.

35
Q
  1. Decline period:
A

After hitting peak, signs and symptoms decrease. Patients is vulnerable to SECONDARY infections (Opportunistic pathogens try to get in because of weakened immune system)

36
Q
  1. Convalescence period:
A

Person regains strength. Still might carry pathogenic microorganism.

37
Q

During which periods is the number of microorganisms increasing:

A

Incubation and prodromal period.

38
Q

Difference between reservoirs:

A

-Human reservoirs: In Humans; carrier may have inapparent infections or latent diseases.
-Animal reservoirs: In animals
-Non-living reservoirs: nonliving things, such as soil and water.

39
Q

Zoonoses:

A

Diseases transmitted from animals to humans.
Could be through direct contact with saliva, blood, urine, etc. Petting/touching animals, bites or scratches.

40
Q

3 Principal routes on how we transfer pathogens:

A
  1. Contact
  2. Vehicles
  3. Vectors
41
Q
  1. Contact transmission:
A

a) Direct contact: person to person
b) Indirect contact: transferred by a nonliving object. (FOMITE) ex. syringes
c) Droplet: microbes spread in mucus droplets. Ex: sneeze; 20k droplets.

42
Q

Fomites:

A

Objects/materials that are likely to carry infection. Ex: clothes, utensils, furniture, needles, toys.

43
Q
  1. Vehicle transmission:
A

a) Air: travel more than 1m.
b) Water: poorly treated water sewage
c) Food: improperly cooked, poorly refrigerated, unsanitary conditions.
Fecal-oral pathogens enter food/water after being shed in feces from people/animals.

44
Q
  1. Vectors:
A

Animals that carry pathogens from one host to another.
-Mechanical: passive transport of pathogen on the insects feet or other body part. Ex: flies.
-Biological: active transport. bites an infected person and ingests infected blood, pathogens reproduce in vector and can be passed in feces/vomit (while bitting host) Ex. Mosquito

45
Q

Droplet nuclei:

A

Dried droplet residue produced by coughing/sneezing (in droplet transmission), these particles are involved with Vehicle Transmission: air (airborne) they travel in the air possibly containing pathogens.

46
Q

Nosocomial infection:

A

Also called Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs). are infections acquired in the process of receiving healthcare (wasn’t present in time of admission). Ex. after surgery, wound infection.

47
Q

Factors contributing to nosocomial infections:

A

a) Microorganisms in hospital environment
b) Weakened/compromised host
c) Chain of transmission in hospital

48
Q

Examples of microbes causing nosocomial infections:

A
  • S. aureus= surgical wound
  • E. coli= UTI
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
49
Q

Epidemiological studies talked about in lecture:

A
  • John Snow: Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London.
  • Ignaz Semmelweis: Showed that handwashing decreased the incidence of puerperal sepsis
  • Florence Nightingale: Showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus.
50
Q

Local infection:

A

Pathogens are limited to a small area of body

51
Q

Systemic infection:

A

Infection throughout the body, usually in bloodstream.

52
Q

Focal infection:

A

Systemic infection that began as local infection. Like a cut that did not get taken care of.

53
Q

Why are some organisms in the normal microbiota are called commensals and others mutualistic?

A
  • Commensals: uses food supplied internally/externally from the host. Not essential, others can serve the function aswell.
  • Mutualistic: provides chemical environment essential for host.

Microbiology (15 decks)

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