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Microbiology > Chapter 17- Part 2: Specific Defenses of the Host > Flashcards

Chapter 17- Part 2: Specific Defenses of the Host Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Difference between an antigen and an epitope:

A
  • Antigen: (antibody generator). They stimulate an immune response to produce antibodies.
  • Epitope: small regions of the antigen, that are binding sites for antibodies (antigenic determinant)
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2
Q

How many different epitopes does a single B or T cell recognize?

A

Only one epitope ever

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3
Q

When is antigen specificity set?

A

Set randomly and forever during lymphocyte development.

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4
Q

What is a naïve lymphocyte?

A

Fully functional lymphocyte that has not been activated.

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5
Q

What is an activated B cell called, and what does an activated B cell do?

A

Plasma cell. Secretes antibodies in response to an antigen, or create memory cells; cell dies after a few weeks.

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6
Q

Explain clonal expansion:

A

(replication) Each newly activated lymphocyte (parent cell) will rapidly reproduce daughter cells that share specificity of the same antigen (about 1k copies of itself, this takes 18-36 hrs).

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7
Q

What are the major delays before the adaptive immune system is fully active?

A
  • Epitope match
  • Clonal expansion
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8
Q

What does a T cell use for its specific receptor?

A

> > NOT SURE, ASK«

-TCR

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9
Q

What does a B cell use for its specific receptor?

A

Surface bound immunoglobulin (slg)

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10
Q

How many different B cell and T cell specificities can be generated?

A

-T cell: 10^18

-B cell= 10^15

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11
Q

How is a naïve B cell activated?

A

B cells bind to an antigen using Slg (surface bound antibody). Need hormonal help (cytokines) to become fully activated:

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12
Q

What does the B cell do with the antigen, after the antigen binds to slg Surface bound immunoglobulin?

A

CD4+ 2 (TH2 cells) then bind to this antigen and secrete cytokines that activate B cells.

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13
Q

What is the CD designation for T-independent B cells?

A

CD5+ intraperitoneal B cells

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14
Q

What type of antigens are targeted by this new subpopulation of B cells?

A

Repeating polysaccharide antigens. Can activate without hormonal help (CD4)

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15
Q

What is the full name of the protein that allows for T cell activation?

A

MHC l= Major Histocompatibility Complex l

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16
Q

What MHC type do Antigen presenting cell use to display an antigen?

A

MHC II

17
Q

How are CD8+ T cells activated?

A

Are activated by an antigen being presented by MHC I

18
Q

What happens to the cell that activates a CD8+ T cell?

A

Correct epitope match causes T cell to kill the cell displaying the proper epitope.

19
Q

How are CD4+ T cells activated?

A

Antigen presenting cells present antigen using MHC II

20
Q

What is immunological memory?

A

A second exposure to the same antigen results in a more rapidly and effective immune response.

21
Q

What are some of the mechanisms that contribute to the development of memory?

A

it can “store” information about a stimulus and can mount an effective response when the stimulus is encountered again.

Exact mechanism of memory is still unknown; memory cells formed can survive for years

22
Q

Know the basic structure of an individual antibody molecule

A
  • Secreted from plasma cells
  • Y-shaped protein
  • Composed of 4 polypeptide chains
  • Top of antibody contains two variable regions
  • The bottom stem is called the constant region
23
Q

What are the five different classes of antibody?

A
  • IgA: found in body secretions as dimers.

-IgD: Found on surface of maturing and naive B cells

  • IgE: Rarest. Associated w/allergies/ stimulates mast cells.
  • IgG: Most common. In blood plasma.

-IgM: Common class for slg. Can class switch to IgA,E or G later.

24
Q

Which antibody crossed the placenta?

A
  • IgG: Able to cross placenta into unborn fetus.
25
Q

Which antibody is secreted in breast milk?

A

IgA

26
Q

Which antibody class is normally used in rapid antibody tests?

A

IgM

27
Q

What antibody class normally indicates you had an infection in the past?

A

IgG

28
Q

Which antibody class normally indicates you presently have that infection?

A

IgM

29
Q

What are the mechanisms of antibody protection?

A
  1. Opsonization: antibody attached to foreign object (makes it stickier)
  2. Agglutination/Precipitation: Antibodies use their two identical binding sites to bind to multiple antigens
  3. Neutralization: Antibody physically blocks toxin from attaching to human cell
  4. Complement activation: causes inflammation and cell lysis
  5. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: ADCC: Utilizes immune cells (eosinophils, macrophages, NK) to attack target (parasite) without phagocytosis
30
Q

Does an antibody kill by itself?

A

no

Microbiology (15 decks)

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