Chapter 23: The Respiratory System Flashcards
Components of the upper respiratory system
Nose, Nasa Cavity, Pharynx(throuat)
Lower Respiratory System
Larynx, Trachea, Right Main Bronchus, Lungs
– interconnecting cavities
and tubes both outside and within the lungs.
➢ Include: Nose, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx,
Larynx, Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Terminal
Bronchioles.
➢ Function: Filter, warm, moisten air and
conduct it into the lungs
CONDUCTING ZONE
tube and tissue within
the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
➢ Include: Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar
ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli.
➢ Function: Site of gas exchange between air
and blood.
RESPIRATORY ZONE
What are the functions of respiratory System
Provide gas exchange: intake of O2 for delivery to
body cells and removal of CO2 produced.
* Regulate blood pH
* Receptor for sense of smell, filters inspired air,
produce vocal sounds (phonation), excrete small
amounts of water and heat.
superior attachment of the nose to
the frontal bone. (1)
ROOT
– tip of the nose (2)
Apex
– tip of the nose (2)
Apex
bony framework; formed by nasal
bones
➢ Bridge
Nostril; external
opening.(4)
External Naris
External Portion and Internal Portion
Nasal
Cavity
– Covered with muscle and skin,
lined with mucous membrane.
External Nose
several pieces
of hyaline cartilage connected by connective
tissue
Septal Nasal Cartilage – anterior of
the nasal septum.
o Lateral Nasal Cartilage
o Minor and Major Alar Cartilage –
form some parts of the nostrils.
Cartilaginous Framework
– divides the nasal cavity into
right and left sides.
Nasal Septum
Funnel shape, and extend to the larynx.
* Contraction of skeletal muscle assist in deglutition
or swallowing.
* Passageway for air and food.
* Provide resonating chamber for speech sounds.
* Houses Tonsils (participates in immunological
reaction to foreign invaders.
PHARYNX (Throat)
gives the
anterior wall a triangular shape. Present in both
male and female; larger in males due to the
hormone, testosterone.
Thyroid Cartilage (Adam’s apple)
– elevation of larynx cause it to move
down (during swallowing Pharynx and Larynx
widen.)
Epiglottis
- landmark for making an
emergency airway called tracheotomy.
- Cricoid Cartilage
aka windpipe, tubular passageway of
air.
- Trachea
goes to the
left and right lung, respectively.
Left and Right Main Bronchus
– more vertical, shorter
and wider. Objects are highly possible to
lodge.
➢ Right Main Bronchus
Right
lung has 2 lobes and the Left Lung has 2.
- Right and Left Lobar Bronchus
Flow of air, in and out of the lungs.
* Air flows between the atmosphere and the
alveoli. Due to alternating contraction and
relaxation by respiratory muscles.
PULMONARY VENTILATION OR BREATHING
Air moves into the lungs when air pressure
in the lungs is less than the air pressure in
the atmosphere and vice versa.
PRESSURE CHANGES DURING PULMONARY
VENTILATION
Diaphragm contract,
lung expand and air moves into lungs.
Muscle of Inhalation
diaphragm and
external intercoastal, relax and the lungs
recoil
- Muscle of Exhalation
diaphragm flattens,
increasing the size of the thoracic cavity.
- Contraction
normal (shallow, deep or
combination)
- Eupnea
shallow (chest) breathing
(upward and outward direction of the chest)
Costal Beathing
deep
(abdominal) breathing. (outward movement
of abdomen)
Diaphragmatic Breathing
how gases move down from
their pressure gradient through diffusion
- Dalton’s Law
how solubility of gas relate to
its diffusion
Henry’s Law
volume of gas in the lungs
at a given time during respiratory cycle.
Lung Volume
– used for measuring volume of
air inspired and expired in the lungs.
Spirometer
record obtained from
spirometer.
Spirogram
1 hemoglobin = _ Oxygen Molecule
4
TRUE OR FALSE: When oxygen is bonded to
hemoglobin, it gives blood its
bright-red appearance.
TRUE
combination of different
lung volumes
- Lung Capacity
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM EXERCISE
Airway and tissue of respiratory tract
becomes less elastic and more rigid.
* Chest wall becomes more rigid.
* Lung capacity decreases.
* Decrease in blood level of O2, decrease
activity of alveolar macrophages and
diminished ciliary action of the epithelium
lining the respiratory tract occur.
at the
tissue oxygen leaves the blood and the
hemoglobin enters into the cells and Oxygen
dissociates. Hemoglobin being saturated by
oxygen
OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE
Oxygen giving. Oxygen is leaving
the hemoglobin and entering the tissue
RIGHT
More O2 in the tissue, Hemoglobin is
away from the tissue. Decreasing the
release of O2 from Hemoglobin to tissue.
LEFT
CONTROL OF BREATING
During exercising the oxygen intake
increases by 10-20 fold.
* Exrecise, decreases the pH.
* Regulated by the Carbon Dioxide and need
of Oxygen.
* Receptors sends signals to trigger the
INSPIRATORY AND EXPIRATORY
NEURONS.
– fire during
inspiration
INSPIRATORY NEURONS
– fire during
expiration.
EXPIRATORY NEURONS
control the
diaphragm and intercostal nerves.
- PHRENIC NEURONS
inspiration
Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
expiration
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
– rhythm
generator.
- Pre- Botzinger Complex
Changes in the CO2 lead to changes in the
pH, which is detected by the
CHEMORECEPTORS
changes in the
cerebrospinal fluid.
CENTRAL
changes in pH,
CO2, O2 in the blood).
PEREIPHERAL
– heringbreur inflation reflex
STRETCH RESEPTORS
defensive
respiratory reflexes
RECEPTORS TO IRRITANTS
– pain,
emotions affect breathing
LIMBIC SYSTEM/HYPOTHALAMUS
blood flow to the lungs increase.
PULMONARY PERFUSION
measure of the rate of O2 can diffuse
from alveolar air into the blood. May
increase threefold during exercise.
O2 consumption and breathing both
increases.
* More strenuous, the frequency of breathing
increases.
O2 DIFFUSING CAPACITY
- Airway and tissue of respiratory tract
becomes less elastic and more rigid. - Chest wall becomes more rigid.
- Lung capacity decreases.
- Decrease in blood level of O2, decrease
activity of alveolar macrophages and
diminished ciliary action of the epithelium
lining the respiratory tract occur.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM EXERCISE
