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anatomy and physiology > Chapter 17: Special Senses (Vision) > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Special Senses (Vision) Flashcards

1
Q

 the act of seeing, is extremely important to human
survival because it allows us to view potentially
dangerous objects in our surroundings.
 More than half the sensory receptors in the human
body are located in the eyes, and a large part of the
cerebral cortex is devoted to processing visual
information.

A

VISION

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2
Q

is the science that deals with the eyes and their
disorders

A

OPTHAMOLOGY

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3
Q

is energy in the form of waves that radiates from the
sun. There are many types of electromagnetic
radiation, including gamma rays, x-rays, UV rays,
visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves, and radio
waves.

A

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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4
Q

CTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
 This range of _____________
 The distance between two consecutive peaks of an
electromagnetic wave is the wavelength.
Wavelengths range from short to long; for example,
gamma rays have wavelengths smaller than a
nanometer, and most radio waves have wavelengths
greater than a meter

A

electromagnetic radiation

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5
Q

include the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, the
lacrimal (tear-producing) apparatus, and extrinsic
eye muscles.

A

ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE EYE

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6
Q

The upper and lower eyelids, or palpebrae
(singular: palpebral)
o shade the eyes during sleep, protect the
eyes from excessive light and foreign objects, and spread lubricating secretions
over the eyeballs.

A

EYELIDS

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7
Q

more movable than the lower and contains
in its superior region the levator palpebrae
superioris.

A

Upper Eyelid

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8
Q

more movable than the lower and contains
in its superior region the levator palpebrae
superiori

A

 Palpebral Fissure

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9
Q

narrower and closer to the temporal bone,

A

Lateral Commissure

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10
Q

o broader and nearer the nasal bone. In the
_______ is a small, reddish
elevation

A

Medial Commissure

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11
Q

which contains sebaceous (oil) glands and
sudoriferous (sweat) glands. The whitish
material that sometimes collects in the
medial commissure comes from these
glands.

A

 Lacrimal Caruncle

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12
Q

o thick fold of connective tissue that gives
form and support to the eyelids

A

Tarsal Plate

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13
Q

Embedded in each tarsal plate is a row of
elongated modified sebaceous glands
o Or Meibomian glands
o secrete a fluid that helps keep the eyelids
from adhering to each other

A

Tarsal Glands

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14
Q

Infection of the tarsal glands produces a
tumor or cyst on the eyelid

A

 Chalazion

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15
Q

is a thin, protective mucous membrane
composed of nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium with numerous goblet
cells that is supported by areolar connective
tissue

A

 Conjunctiva

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16
Q

lines the inner aspect of the eyelids

A

 Palpebral Conjunctiva

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17
Q

passes from the eyelids onto the surface of
the eyeball, where it covers the sclera (the
“white” of the eye) but not the cornea, which
is a transparent region that forms the outer
anterior surface of the eyeball.

A

Bulbar Conjunctiva

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18
Q

which project from the border of each eyelid

A

Eyelashes

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19
Q

which arch transversely above the upper
eyelids, help protect the eyeballs from
foreign objects, perspiration, and the direct
rays of the sun

A

Eyebrows

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20
Q

Sebaceous glands at the base of the hair
follicles of the eyelashes
o release a lubricating fluid into the follicles

A

Sebaceous Ciliary Glands

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21
Q

Infection of these glands, usually by
bacteria, causes a painful, pus-filled
swelling

A

 Sty

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22
Q

a group of structures that produces and drains
lacrimal fluid or tears in a process called
lacrimation.

A

THE LACRIMAL APPARATUS

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23
Q

each about the size and shape of an
almond, secrete lacrimal fluid, which drains
into 6–12 excretory lacrimal ducts

A

Lacrimal Glands

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24
Q

empty tears onto the surface of the
conjunctiva of the upper lid.

A

 Excretory Lacrimal Ducts

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25
Q

o (singular: punctum)
o From here the tears pass medially over the
anterior surface of the eyeball to enter two
small openings
o Tears then pass into two ducts, the superior
and inferior lacrimal canaliculi, which lead
into the lacrimal sac (within the lacrimal
fossa) and then into the nasolacrimal duct.

A

Lacrimal Puncta

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26
Q

This duct carries the lacrimal fluid into the
nasal cavity just inferior to the inferior nasal
concha where it mixes with mucus.

A

 Nasolacrimal ducts

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27
Q

An infection of the lacrimal sacs.

A

 Dacryocystitis

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28
Q

The adult eyeball measures about 2.5 cm (1 in.) in
diameter
 Anatomically, the wall of the eyeball consists of three
layers

A

(1) fibrous tunic, (2) vascular tunic, and (3)
retina (inner tunic).

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29
Q

the superficial layer of the eyeball and
consists of the anterior cornea and posterior
sclera.

A

FIBROUS TUNIC

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30
Q

a transparent coat that covers the colored
iris

A

Cornea

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31
Q

the “white” of the eye, is a layer of dense
connective tissue made up mostly of
collagen fibers and fibroblasts
o The sclera covers the entire eyeball except
the cornea; it gives shape to the eyeball,
makes it more rigid, protects its inner parts,
and serves as a site of attachment for the
extrinsic eye muscles

A

Sclera

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32
Q

or (canal of Schlemm). A fluid called
aqueous humor, which will be described
later, drains into this sinus

A

Scleral Venous Sinus

33
Q

Or uvea is the middle layer of the eyeball. It
is composed of three parts: choroid, ciliary
body, and iris

A

VASCULAR TUNIC

34
Q

the posterior portion of the vascular tunic,
lines most of the internal surface of the
sclera.
o Its numerous blood vessels provide
nutrients to the posterior surface of the
retina. The choroid also contains
melanocytes that produce the pigment
melanin, which causes this layer to appear
dark brown in color. Melanin in the choroid
absorbs stray light rays, which prevents
reflection and scattering of light within the
eyeball.

A

 Choroid

35
Q

In the anterior portion of the vascular tunic,
the choroid becomes the ciliary bod. It
extends from the ora serrata

A

Ciliary Blood

36
Q

o the jagged anterior margin of the retina, to
a point just posterior to the junction of the
sclera and cornea

A

Ora Serrata

37
Q

are protrusions or folds on the internal
surface of the ciliary body. They contain
blood capillaries that secrete aqueous
humor

A

Ciliary Processes

38
Q

Extending from the ciliary process
o or suspensory ligaments that attach to the
lens.

A

Zonular Fibers

39
Q

a circular band of smooth muscle.
Contraction or relaxation of the ciliary
muscle changes the tightness of the zonular
fibers, which alters the shape of the lens,
adapting it for near or far vision.

A

Ciliary Muscles

40
Q

the colored portion of the eyeball, is shaped
like a flattened donut. It is suspended
between the cornea and the lens and is
attached at its outer margin to the ciliary
processes

A

Iris

41
Q

o the hole in the center of the iris. The pupil
appears black because, as you look
through the lens, you see the heavily
pigmented back of the eye (choroid and
retina)

A

Pupil

42
Q

or sphincter pupillae
o causing a decrease in the size of the pupil
(constriction).

A

Circular muscles

43
Q

or dilator pupillae of the iris to contract,
causing an increase in the pupil’s size
(dilation).

A

Radial Muscles

44
Q

The third and inner layer of the eyeball
 lines the posterior three-quarters of the eyeball and
is the beginning of the visual pathway

A

RETINA

45
Q

is the site where the optic (II) nerve exits
the eyeball.

A

Optic Disc

46
Q

a branch of the ophthalmic artery

A

Central Retinal Artery

47
Q

o Branches of the central retinal artery fan
out to nourish the anterior surface of the
retina; the central retinal vein drains blood
from the retina through the optic disc
 The retina consists of a pigmented layer and a neural
layer

A

Central Retinal Vein

48
Q

a sheet of melanin-containing epithelial
cells located between the choroid and the
neural part of the retina.

A

Pigmented Layer

49
Q

a multilayered outgrowth of the brain that
processes visual data extensively before
sending nerve impulses into axons that
form the optic nerve.

A

Neural (sensory) Layer

50
Q

the photoreceptor cell layer, the bipolar
cell layer, and the ganglion cell layer- are
separated by two zones, the outer and inner
synaptic layers, where synaptic contacts
are made

A

Three distinct of retinal neurons

51
Q

Two other types of cells present in the
bipolar cell layer of the retina
o These cells form laterally directed neural
circuits that modify the signals being
transmitted along the pathway from
photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion
cells.

A

Horizontal cells and Amacrine cells

52
Q

o allow us to see in dim light, such as
moonlight. Because rods do not provide
color vision, in dim light we can see only
black, white, and all shades of gray in
between.

A

 Rods

53
Q

Brighter lights stimulate
o produce color vision. Three types of cones
are present in the retina: (1) blue cones,
which are sensitive to blue light, (2) green
cones, which are sensitive to green light,
and (3) red cones, which are sensitive to
red light.

A

Cones

54
Q

also called the blind spot

A

Optic Disc

55
Q

or yellow spot is in the exact center of the
posterior portion of the retina, at the visual
axis of the eye.

A

Macula lutea

56
Q

a small depression in the center of the
macula lutea, contains only cones.

A

Fovea Centralis

57
Q

Behind the pupil and iris, within the cavity of the
eyeball

A

LENS

58
Q

arranged like the layers of an onion, make
up the refractive media of the lens, which
normally is perfectly transparent and lacks
blood vessels

A

Crystallins

59
Q

The lens divides the interior of the eyeball into two
cavities: the anterior cavity and vitreous chamber.

A

INFERIOR OF THE EYEBALL

60
Q

the space anterior to the lensconsists of two
chambers

A

 Anterior Cavity

61
Q

o lies between the cornea and the iris

A

Anterior Chamber

62
Q

o lies behind the iris and in front of the zonular
fibers and lens

A

Posterior chamber

63
Q

o a transparent watery fluid that nourishes the
lens and cornea.

A

Acqueous Humor

64
Q

which lies between the lens and the retina

A

Vitreous Chamber

65
Q

a transparent jellylike substance that holds
the retina flush against the choroid, giving
the retina an even surface for the reception
of clear images

A

Vitreous Body

66
Q

a narrow channel that is inconspicuous in
adults and runs through the vitreous body
from the optic disc to the posterior aspect of
the lens.

A

Hyaloid Canal

67
Q

The pressure in the eye
o produced mainly by the aqueous humor and
partly by the vitreous body; normally it is
about 16 mmHg (millimeters of mercury

A

Intraocular Pressure

68
Q

This increase in the curvature of the lens for
near vision
o The near point of vision is the minimum
distance from the eye that an object can be
clearly focused with maximum
accommodation. This distance is about 10
cm (4 in.) in a young adult.

A

 Accommodation

69
Q

is a narrowing of the diameter of the hole
through which light enters the eye due to
the contraction of the circular muscles of the
iris.

A

 Constriction of the Pupil

70
Q

o provide output from the retina to the brain.

A

 Optic (II) Nerve

71
Q

a crossing point of the optic nerves

A

 Optic Chiasm

72
Q

After passing through the optic chiasm, the
axons, now part of the optic tract, enter the
brain and most of them terminate in the
lateral geniculate nucleus of the
thalamus.

A

Optic Tract

73
Q

they synapse with neurons whose axons
form the optic radiations

A

 Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

74
Q

project to the primary visual areas in the
occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

Optic radiations

75
Q

visual perception begins

A

Primary Visual Areas

76
Q

which control the extrinsic eye muscles

A

Super Colliculi

77
Q

which control pupillary and accommodation
reflexes.

A

Pretectal Nuclei

78
Q

o Everything that can be seen by one eye is
that eye’s ________

A

visual field.

anatomy and physiology (17 decks)

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