Chapter 10: Muscular Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

THREE TYPES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE

A

 Skeletal muscle
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle

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2
Q

FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULAR TISSUE

A

Producing body movements
 Stabilizing body positions
 Storing and mobilizing substances within the body
 Generating heat

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3
Q

PROPERTIES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE

A

 Electrical excitability
 Contractility
 Extensibility
 Elasticity

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4
Q

Narrow, plate-shaped regions of dense
material that separate sarcomere from the next

A

Z DISCS

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5
Q

Dark, middle part of sarcomere that extends
entire length of thick filaments and includes those parts
of thin filaments that overlap thick filaments

A

A BAND –

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6
Q

– Lighter, less dense area of sarcomere that
contains remainder of thin filaments but no thick
filaments. A Z disc passes through center of each __
band

A

I BAND

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7
Q

Narrow region in center of each A band that
contains thick filaments but no thin filaments

A

H ZONE

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8
Q

Region in center of H zone that contains
proteins that hold thick filaments together at center of
sarcomere

A

M LINE

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9
Q

Proteins that generates force during muscle
contractions

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER PROTEINS
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS

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10
Q

CP that makes up thick filament;
molecule consists of a tail and two myosin heads,
which binds to myosin binding sites on actin
molecules of thin filament during muscle
contraction.

A

 MYOSIN

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11
Q

CP that makes up thin filament; each
actin molecule has a myosin-binding site
where myosin head of thick filament binds
during muscle contraction

A

ACTIN

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12
Q

Proteins that help switch muscle contraction
process on and off

A

REGULATORY PROTEINS

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13
Q

Regulatory protein that is a
component of thin filament; when skeletal fiber
muscle is relaxed, Tropomyosin covers
myosin-binding sites on actin molecules,
thereby preventing myosin from binding to
actin.

A

 TROPOMYOSIN

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14
Q

Regulatory protein that is a
component of thin filament; When calcium
ions (Ca2+) bind to troponin, it changes
shape; this conformational change moves
tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites
on actin molecules, and muscle contraction
subsequently begins as myosin binds to
actin.

A

TROPONIN

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15
Q

 Proteins that keep thick and thin filaments of
myofibrils in proper alignment, give myofibrils
elasticity and extensibility, and link myofibrils to
sarcolemma and extracellular matrix

A

STRUCTURAL PROTEINS

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16
Q

– Structural protein that connects Z disc
to M line of sarcomere, thereby helping to
stabilize thick filament position; can stretch and
then spring back unharmed, and thus accounts
for much of the elasticity and extensibility of
myofibrils

A

 TITIN –

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17
Q

Structural protein of Z discs that
attaches to actin molecules of thin filaments
and to titin molecules

A

a-ACTININ

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18
Q

– Structural protein that forms M
line of sarcomere; binds to titin molecules an d
connects adjacent thick filaments to one
another

A

MYOMESIN

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19
Q

Structural protein that wraps
around entire length of each thin filament;
helps anchor thin filaments into Z discs and
regulate length of thin filaments during
development

A

NEBULIN

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20
Q

Structural protein that links
thin filaments of sarcomere to integral
membrane proteins in sarcolemma, which are
attached in turn to proteins in connective tissue
matrix that surrounds muscle fibers; thought to
help reinforce sarcolemma and helps transmit
tension generated by sarcomeres to tendons.

A

DYSTROPHIN

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21
Q

Organ made up of fascicles that contain muscle
fibers (cells), blood vessels, and nerves, wrapped
in epimysium

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

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22
Q

Bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in Perimysium

A

FASCICLE

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23
Q

Long cylindrical cell covered by endomysium
and sarcolemma; contains sarcoplasm,
myofibrils, many peripherally located nuclei,
mitochondria, transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic
reticulum, and terminal cisterns. The fiber has a
striated appearance.

A

MUSCLE FIBER (CELL)

24
Q

Threadlike contractile elements within
sarcoplasm of muscle fiber that extend entire
length of fiber; composed of filaments

A

MYOFIBRIL

25
Q

Contractile proteins with myofibrils that are of two
types: thick filaments composed of myosin and
thin filamnets composed of actin, tropomyosin,
and troponin; sliding of thin filaments past thick
filaments produces muscle shortening

A

FILAMENTS (MYOFILAMENTS)

26
Q

Myosin pulls on actin, causing the thin filament to
slide inward
 Consequently, Z discs move toward each other and
the sarcomere shortens
 Thanks to the structural proteins, there is a
transmission of force throughout the entire muscle,
resulting in whole muscle contraction

A

The Sliding Filament Mechanism

27
Q

This concept connects the events of a muscle
action potential with the sliding filament mechanism

A

EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING

28
Q

 The force of a muscle contraction depends on the
length of the sarcomeres in a muscle prior to
contraction

A

LENGTH-TENSION RELATIONSHIP

29
Q

The events at the NMJ produce a muscle action
potential:
 Voltage-gated calcium channels in a neuron’s
synaptic end bulb open, resulting in an influx
of calcium. This causes exocytosis of a
neurotransmitter (NT) into the synaptic cleft
 NT binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels on the
motor endplate, which causes an influx of
Na+ into the muscle
 This depolarizes the muscle and results in
Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum
 NT gets broken down by acetylcholinesterase

A

THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (NMJ)

30
Q

Creatine kinase catalyzes the transfer of a
phosphate group from CP to ADP to rapidly
yield ATP

A

CREATINE PHOSPHATE

31
Q

When CP stores are depleted, glucose is
converted into pyruvic acid to generate ATP

A

ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS

32
Q

 Under aerobic conditions, pyruvic acid can
enter the mitochondria and undergo a series
of oxygen-requiring reactions to generate
large amounts of ATP

A

 CELLULAR RESPIRATION

33
Q

is the inability to maintain force of
contraction after prolonged activity

A

MUSCLE FATIGUE

34
Q

The onset of fatigue is due to:

A

 Inadequate release of Ca2+ from SR
 Depletion of CP, oxygen, and nutrients
 Buildup of lactic acid and ADP
 Insufficient release of ACh at NMJ

35
Q

occurs due to changes in the central
nervous system and generally results in cessation
of exercise

A

CENTRAL FATIGUE

36
Q

Why do you continue to breathe heavily for a period of
time after stopping exercise?
 To “pay back” your oxygen debt!
The extra oxygen goes toward:
 Replenishing CP stores
 Converting lactate into pyruvate
 Reloading O2 onto myoglobin

A

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AFTER EXERCISE

37
Q

The strength of a muscle contraction depends on how
many motor units are activated
 A motor unit consists of a somatic motor neuron
and the muscle fibers it innervates
 Activating only a few motor units will generally
result in a weak muscle contraction
 Activating many motor units will generally result
in a strong muscle contraction

A

CONTROL OF MUSCLE TENSION

38
Q

is the process in which the
number of active motor units increases
 Weakest motor units are recruited first, followed
by stronger motor units
 Motor units contract alternately to sustain
contractions for longer periods of time

A

MOTOR UNIT RECRUITMENT

39
Q

The brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor
unit in response to a single action potential
 Latent period
 Contraction period
 Relaxation period
 Refractory period

A

TWITCH CONTRACTION

40
Q

 Wave summation occurs when a second action
potential triggers muscle contraction before the
first contraction has finished
 Results in a stronger contraction
 Unfused tetanus
 Fused tetanus

A

FREQUENCY OF STIMULATION

41
Q

Even when at rest, a skeletal muscle exhibits a small
amount of tension, called tone
 Tone is established by the alternating, involuntary
activation of small groups of motor units in a
muscle

A

MUSCLE TONE

42
Q

tension is constant while muscle length
change

A

Isotonic

43
Q
  • is great enough to overcome the
    resistance of the object to be moved, the
    muscle shortens and pulls on another
    structure, such as a tendon, to produce
    movement and to reduce the angle at a joint.
A

 Concentric

44
Q
  • When the length of a muscle
    increases during a contraction
A

Eccentric

45
Q

– muscle contracts but does not change
length

A

Isometric –

46
Q

has the same arrangement as
skeletal muscle, but also has intercalated discs

A

Cardiac muscle

47
Q

 Intercalated discs contain desmosomes and gap
junctions that allow muscle action potentials to
spread from one muscle fiber to another
 Cardiac muscle cells have more mitochondria
and their contractions last 10 to 15 times longer
than skeletal muscle contraction

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

48
Q

 Smooth muscle looks quite different than
cardiac and skeletal muscle. It is thick in the
middle, tapered on the ends, and is not striated
 It can be arranged as either single-unit or multiunit fibers
 Smooth muscle contractions start more slowly
and last longer than skeletal and cardiac muscle
contractions
 Smooth muscle can shorten and stretch to a
greater extent than skeletal and cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle fibers shorten in response to
stretch!

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

49
Q

Mature skeletal muscle fibers cannot undergo mitosis

A

REGENERATION OF MUSCLE TISSUE

50
Q

Enlargement of existing cells

A

Hypertrophy

51
Q

 An increase in the number of fibers

A

Hyperplasia

52
Q

 Stem cells found in association with blood
capillaries and small veins.

A

Smooth muscle and pericytes

53
Q

Most muscles are derived from ______ which
develops into somites

A

mesoderm

54
Q

Which, as the name suggests, forms the
skeletal muscles of the head, neck, and
limbs;

A

 Myotome

55
Q

Which forms the connective tissues,
including the dermis of the skin;

A

 Dermatome

56
Q

Which gives rise to the vertebrae

A

Sclerotome

57
Q

Between 30–50 years of age, about __% of our muscle
tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue and
adipose tissue. Between 50–80 years of age another
__% of our muscle tissue is replaced. Consequences
are:
 Muscle strength and flexibility decreases
 Reflexes slow
 Slow oxidative fiber numbers increase

A

10%, 40%