Chapter 17: Special Senses (Taste) Flashcards

1
Q

Sense of Taste

 Or taste, is a chemical sense.
 _______ is much simpler than olfaction in that only
five primary tastes can be distinguished: salty, sour,
sweet, bitter, and umami

A

GUSTATION

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2
Q

caused by the presence of sodium ions
(Na+) in food.

A

 SALTY TASE
o caused b

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3
Q

________ is produced by hydrogen ions
(H+) released from acids. Lemons have a
sour taste because they contain citric acid.

A

Sour taste

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4
Q

elicited by sugars such as glucose,
fructose, and sucrose and by artificial
sweeteners such as saccharin, aspartame,
and sucralose

A

SWEET TASE

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5
Q

caused by a wide variety of substances,
including caffeine, morphine, and quinin

A

BITTER TASE

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6
Q

, first reported by Japanese scientists, is
described as “meaty” or “savory.”
o It is elicited by amino acids (especially
glutamate) that are present in food. This is
the reason why the additive monosodium
glutamate (MSG) is used as a flavor
enhancer in many foods.

A

UMAMI TASE

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7
Q

an oval body consisting of three kinds of
epithelial cells: supporting cells, gustatory
receptor cells, and basal cells.

A

Taste Buds

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8
Q

surround about 50 gustatory receptor
cells in each taste bud

A

Supporting Cells

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9
Q

(gustatory hairs) project from each
gustatory receptor cell to the external
surface through the taste pore, an opening
in the taste bud.

A

Gustatory microvilli

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10
Q

stem cells found at the periphery of the
taste bud near the connective tissue layer,
produce supporting cells, which then
develop into gustatory receptor cells.

A

Basal Cells

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11
Q

Taste buds are found in elevations on the
tongue
o increase the surface area and provide a
rough texture to the upper surface of the
tongue

A

 Papillae

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12
Q

o About 12 very large, circular vallate
papillae or circumvallate papillae form an
inverted V-shaped row at the back of the tongue. Each of these papillae houses 100–
300 taste buds.

A

Vallate Papillae (wall like)

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13
Q

o are mushroom shaped elevations scattered
over the entire surface of the tongue that
contain about five taste buds each.

A

Fungiform Papillae (mushroom like)

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14
Q

o located in small trenches on the lateral
margins of the tongue, but most of their
taste buds degenerate in early childhood.

A

Foliate Papillae (Leaflike)

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15
Q

threadlike structures contain tactile
receptors but no taste buds. They increase
friction between the tongue and food,
making it easier for the tongue to move food
in the oral cavity

A

Filiform Papillae (threadlike)

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16
Q

o Chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor
cells
o Once a tastant is dissolved in saliva, it can
make contact with the plasma membranes
of the gustatory microvilli, which are the
sites of taste transduction.

A

 Tastants

17
Q

 The threshold for taste varies for each of the primary
tastes. The threshold for bitter substances, such as
quinine, is lowest.
 Because poisonous substances often are bitter,
o the low threshold (or high sensitivity) may
have a protective function
 The threshold for sour substances (such as lemon),
as measured by using hydrochloric acid, is
somewhat higher.
 The thresholds for salty substances (represented
by sodium chloride)
 For sweet substances (as measured by using
sucrose) are similar, and are higher than those for
bitter or sour substances
 Complete adaptation to a specific taste can occur in
1–5 minutes of continuous stimulation.
 Taste adaptation is due to changes that occur in the
taste receptors, in olfactory receptors, and in
neurons of the gustatory pathway in the CNS.

A

TASTE THRESHOLDS AND ADAPTATION

18
Q

serves taste buds in the anterior two-thirds
of the tongue

A

Facial (VII) Nernve

19
Q

serves taste buds in the posterior one-third
of the tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve

20
Q

serves taste buds in the throat and
epiglottis

A

Vagus (X) Nerve

21
Q

o From the taste buds, nerve impulses
propagate along these cranial nerves to the __________ in the medulla
oblongata

A

Gustatory Nucleus

22
Q

From the medulla, some axons carrying taste signals
project to the l_______ and the
__________; others project to the thalamus.
Taste signals that project from the thalamus to the
primary gustatory area in the insula of the cerebral
cortex

A

limbic system, hypothalamus