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Fundamentals 2 > Chapter 23: Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Multiple health problems can be avoided with maintenance of an __ __.

A

active state

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2
Q

Maintaining physical activity can be a challenge in late life due to:

A

effects of aging and common chronic health conditions

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3
Q

there is a decline in ___ & ___ of muscle fibers, & a reduction in __ __

A

size & number

muscle mass

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4
Q

Aging also contributed to decreased ___ __ and a persons __ declines.

A

body strength

endurance

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5
Q

The connective tissue changes, resulting in reduced ___ of joints and muscles.

A

flexibility

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6
Q

Age-related reduction of muscle mass or function resulting from a reduction in protein synthesis & an increase in muscle protein degeneration

A

sarcopenia

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7
Q

Retirement is associated w/ __ __.

A

decreased activity

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8
Q

Sarcopenia can lead to __.

A

disability

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9
Q

Decline in walking speed or grip strength is seen in patients with ___.

A

sarcopenia

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10
Q

Downsizing home promotes less housework & further reduces ___.

A

activity

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11
Q

Cause of ___: disease, immobility, poor blood flow to muscles, decreased caloric intake, mitochondrial dysfunction, increase in proinflammatory cytokines, & decline in anabolic hormones

A

sarcopenia

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12
Q

All exercise programs should address what 3 things:

A
  • cardiovascular endurance
  • flexibility
  • strength training
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13
Q

Health assessment includes __ and __ of exercise.

A

quality and quantity

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14
Q

You want to __ goals and make them __.

A

individualize

achievable

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15
Q

Maximum heart rate equation:

A

220-age (220 minus their age)

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16
Q

The maximum number that someone should reach during exercise.

A

Maximum heart rate

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17
Q

Target heart rate equation:

A

maximum heart rate x 75%

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18
Q

Target heart rate range:

A

65% to 80% of maximum heart rate

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19
Q

Age-related changes affect a person’s ____ to exercise

A

ability

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20
Q

Importance of assessment prior to starting a program & monitoring status during physical activity could include a ___ ___.

A

physician clearance

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21
Q

When exercising, you want to ___ exercise throughout the day.

A

pace

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22
Q

When exercising, you should begin ____ & then ___ over time.

A

gradually

increase

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23
Q

Patients should also __ after activity.

A

rest

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24
Q

Cognitive & emotional states can influence __ __.

A

physical activity

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25
Q

Inactivity can promote __ __ of immobility .

A

ill effects

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26
Q

Inactivity can result in ___.

A

deconditioning

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27
Q

__ __ is crucial when it comes to prevention of inactivity.

A

Public education

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28
Q

You enhance motivation by demonstrating ___.

A

interest

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29
Q

With activity, you want to avoid ____ people and assuming they can’t do a certain activity due to their age.

A

stereotyping

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30
Q

You may have to arrange ___ to and from activities.

A

transportation

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31
Q

For promotion of activity, you should do an assessment of what 4 things?

A

capacities, limitations, interests, & abilities

32
Q

Well-balanced diet helps maintain the structure of ___ & ___

A

bones

muscles

33
Q

Obesity places strain on the ___.

A

joints

34
Q

Discomfort, disability, deformity, & functional impairment result from _____ disorders.

A

musculoskeletal

35
Q

What is an assessment of the musculoskeletal system & functional abilities?

A

How is their walking ability, do they need devices to walk, etc.

36
Q

How can you prevent musculoskeletal conditions?

A

adequate nutrition, avoid obesity, remain active, hydration

37
Q

Aggressive intervention is used to minimize the impact of ___ ___.

A

functional impairment

38
Q

What are some risk factors & potential causes for fractures? (3)

A

dizziness, change in center of gravity, postural changes

39
Q

What’re the common sites of fractures? (3)

A

femur, neck, wrist (Colles’ fracture)

40
Q

___ bones fracture more easily & heal at a slower rate.

A

Brittle

41
Q

The potential for complications is associated with ___.

A

immobility

42
Q

Interventions for fractures are aimed at ___.

A

prevention

43
Q

___ should be suspected when an older adult falls or has trauma to their bones.

A

Fractures

44
Q

T/F: The absence of typical signs of fracture guarantees no fracture present

A

FALSE

45
Q

Treatment for fractures:

A

Immobility of the injured site

46
Q

Progressive deterioration of joint cartilage with the formation of new bone at the joint surface.

A

Osteoarthritis

47
Q

Osteoarthritis increases w/ age, mostly persons over ___ years or older, and occurs in more ___ than the other gender.

A

55

women

48
Q

What is this pathophysiology of?

Joint changes & imbalance between matric metalloproteinase enzymes & tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase

A

osteoarthritis

49
Q

Causes of osteoarthritis?

A

excessive use of joint, low vitamin D + C, trauma, obesity,, genetic factors.

50
Q

Signs & symptoms of osteoarthritis:

A

Crepitation over the joints, boney nodules (Heberden nodes),

51
Q

Nursing interventions for osteoarthritis:

A
  • educate weight reduction (if its needed)
  • nutritional benefits (maintaining a healthy diet, vitamin D and C supplements)
  • exercise
  • reduce fractures
52
Q

A chronic inflammatory disorder that can affect more than just your joints. (the skin, eyes, lungs, heart and blood vessels, etc).

A

rheumatoid arthritis

53
Q

Incidence of rheumatoid arthritis is mostly ___ years of age, and decreases after age of __, occurs more in __ & w/ __ history

A

20-40
65
women
family

54
Q

Deformities & disability begin at an ___ age & peak during ___ age.

A

early

middle

55
Q

Pathophysiology of __ __ is hypertrophied & edematous synovium. Projections of synovial tissue into joint cavity.

A

rheumatoid arthritis

56
Q

Signs & symptoms: Subcutaneous nodules &/or bursae present over bony prominences, pain, redness, warm, stiffness,

A

rheumatoid arthritis

57
Q

Most prevalent metabolic disease of the bone

A

osteoporosis

58
Q

Risk factors for osteoporosis:

A

-Inactivity or immobility
Diseases: Cushing’s syndrome
-Reduction in anabolic sex hormones (decreased estrogen & androgen)
-Diet: calcium deficiency
-Drugs: Heparin, furosemide, thyroid supplements, antacids, corticosteroids, tetracycline

59
Q

excessive glucocorticosteroids by adrenal gland

A

Cushing’s syndrome

60
Q

Osteoporosis can cause __ __, and __.

A

kyphosis, spinal pain, & fractures

61
Q

Osteoporosis is often ___.

A

asymptomatic

62
Q

To diagnose osteoporosis, they do a __ __ scan. aka (DEXA)

A

bone density

63
Q

To treat osteoporosis, you want a diet rich in __ and __.

A

protein & calcium.

64
Q

Nursing interventions for osteoporosis:

A

education, avoid heavy lifting, ROM exercises & ambulation

65
Q

Metabolic disorder in which excess uric acid accumulates in the blood

A

Gout

66
Q

Pathophysiology of __: uric acid crystals deposit in & around joint

A

Gout

67
Q

Signs/symptoms of gout?

A

Pain (severe), redness, swelling, warmth

68
Q

Exacerbations & remissions of gout:

A

Exacerbations can last weeks-months, with long remissions between

69
Q

Treatment for gout includes reducing sodium ___ w/ low purine diet and avoid ___.

A

urate

alcohol

70
Q

Age-related reduction in __ __ of the foot.

A

fat padding

71
Q

Common podiatric conditions:

A 
Calluses (plantar keratoses)
Corns (heloma)
Bunions (hallux valgus)
Hammer toe (digiti flexus)
Plantar fasciitis
Infections (onychomycosis; tinea pedis)
Ingrown nails (onychocryptosis)
72
Q

Degenerative changes cause __ pain

A

joint

73
Q

__ pain affects independence & quality of life

A

Unrelieved

74
Q

Nursing interventions to decrease pain essential in promoting optimal __, ___, and __ function.

A

physical, mental, & social

75
Q

For musculoskeletal conditions, you want to promote __ and prevent __.

A

independence

injury

Fundamentals 2 (16 decks)

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