** Chapter 18: Respiration Flashcards
Condition in which there is permanent abnormal widening of the airways due to inflammation
Bronchiectasis
Group of diseases including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema (most common cause is smoking)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Lungs’ ability to expand and contract
Elastic Recoil
Curvature of spine
Kyphosis
Maximum volume that lungs can expand during fullest inspiration
Total Lung Capacity:
Maximum amount of air that can be expelled after fullest inhalation.
Vital Capacity
Respiratory health vital for __, __, and __ active life.
physically, mentally, and socially
Lifetime of insults to __ __ takes its toll during older age.
respiratory system
Respiratory diseases leading to cause of disability is the __ leading cause of death.
fourth
Respiratory problems develop ___ and difficult to ___.
easily
manage
Changes occur in __, __, and ___.
upper airway paths, nose, and trachea
Changes in the Nose include:
Connective tissue changes & thicker hair in nostrils
-May be harder to clear their nose
Changes in the Nasopharynx include:
Reduced secretions & thicker mucous (harder to expel)
Changes in the Trachea include:
Trachea stiffens due to calcification of cartilage
In older age, the reduced cough is due to
blunting of laryngeal & coughing reflex
___ reflex is also reduced.
Gag
The reduction in __ __ and reduced __ can increase your risk for aspiration.
gag reflex
cough
Lungs reduce in __ and __
size & weight
Their is decreased elastic recoil due to ______
less elastic collagen & elastin
The alveoli become __ __.
less elastic
The alveoli can contain fewer ___ ___, which makes the blood not flow that well.
functional capillaries
There is a ___ in vital capacity and an __ in residual volume.
reduction
increase
The reduction in vital capacity and the increase in residual volume leads to:
Less air exchange & more air & secretions remaining in lung tissue
Loose or brittle __ can be aspirated.
teeth
Brittle teeth can predispose someone to getting __ __.
respiratory infections
The mucous membranes get ___.
drier
The change in mucous membranes hinders the removal of ___, which can lead to _____
mucous
infection and mucous plugs
__ and ___ vaccines are important.
Influenza & Pneumonia
Influenza & Pneumonia vaccines should be given at age ___. If they are given before this age, then you are advised to ____.
65
take a second one.
___ is a major threat to respiratory health.
Immobility
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is higher in ___ and ___
women
smokers
COPD is a combination of:
Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
You can also see COPD in __ __.
Lung Cancer
__ is a high risk of complications of bronchiectasis or cardiac problems.
Asthma
___ has high rates of mortality.
Asthma
Asthma can be developed from chronic __ __ in the older years.
acid reflex
__ __ causes persistent, productive cough, wheezing, recurrent respiratory infections, and shortness of breath.
Chronic bronchitis
3 ways to manage Chronic Bronchitis:
Remove bronchial secretions
Prevent obstruction of airway
Maintain adequate fluid intake
Causes of this disease are: chronic bronchitis, chronic irritation, and morphologic changes in the lung
Emphysema
___ ___ plays a major role in the development of emphysema.
Cigarette smoking
Symptoms develop __ in emphysema, which can __ treatment.
slowly
delay
What are some treatments for emphysema:
4
Postural drainage, bronchodilators, avoid stress, and breathing exercises
Most lung cancer now occurs in patients older than ___ years.
65
Lung cancer has a higher incidence in __ than in the other gender.
men
Incidence for lung cancer in smokers is ___ as likely as nonsmokers!!!!
twice
Recurrent pneumonia and pulmonary edema can be symptoms of:
lung cancer
Treatment for lung cancer:
3
surgery, chemotherapy, & radiotherapy
Causes of lung abscesses:
pneumonia, tuberculosis, malignancy, trauma, & aspiration
Symptoms of __ __ include: anorexia, weight loss, elevated temperature, & chronic cough
lung abscesses
Eating will be very challenging for patients with ___ ___, and they might not be able to talk in full sentences because they would use all their breath
lung abscesses
Treatment for lung abscess:
postural drainage; high-protein, high-calorie diet
Atypical presentation for respiratory conditions:
2
No chest pain
Lower body temperature
Sputum characteristics: COPD
translucent, grayish white
Sputum characteristics: Lung Abscess/Bronchiectasis
purulent & foul smelling
Sputum characteristics: Left sided heart failure/Pulmonary edema
red & frothy
List some things to assess to detect respiratory complications:
Respiratory rate & volume, depth of inspiration, pulse, blood pressure, temperature, elevated neck veins if they have fluid overload, patency of airway, cough, secretions, & mental status
For patients with emphysema or COPD, __ oxygen level stimulates breathing instead of __ carbon dioxide level.
low
high
For patients with emphysema or COPD, a O2 sat of ___% to ___% is okay.
88-92%
Carbon dioxide narcosis means:
CO2 poisoning
What are these symptoms of: Muscle twitching, confusion, visual defects, profuse perspiration, hypotension, cerebral depression (increased sleeping or comatose state), & circulatory failure
CO2 poisoning, aka: carbon dioxide narcosis
___ blood gas is better than __ blood gas because it has oxygen needed blood in it.’
Arterial
venous
___ blood gas does not have oxygenated blood.
venous
What should you look for when ensuring safe oxygen administration?
- assessment of oxygen equipment
- home oxygen safety (do they know how to put it on? Do they smoke? Do they know not to have flames in the house? etc)
- evaluate home environment
Postural drainage is used to ____
remove bronchial secretions
Discontinue __ __ technique if dyspnea, palpitations, chest pain, apprehension, or other signs of distress occur
postural drainage
ALWAYS OFFER ___ and ___ after postural drainage procedure.
oral hygiene & rest
___ is important in removal of secretions.
Coughing
Nonproductive coughing is __ and __.
useless & stressful
What are some measures to promote productive cough:
- Hard candy to increase secretions
- Breathing exercises
- Use of humidifier
- Expectorants
- Increase fluid intake
___ and ____ are essential.
Good handwashing & oral hygiene
Some ___ affect respiratory health.
herbs
__ foods open airways.
Hot, spicy
Avoid ___ foods.
mucus-forming (ex: dairy)
Some vitamins are beneficial like vitamin ___
C
What are some examples of complementary therapies:
Acupuncture, acupressure, yoga, Rolfing, & massage
When checking proper use and operation of ventilators, pay attention to the __, __, and ___ needs of ventilator-dependent
physical, emotional, & social
Respiratory problems are __ and produce ___.
frightening
anxiety
Patients need ___ to meet demands of chronic diseases.
encouragement
