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Fundamentals 2 > Chapter 21: Urinary Elimination > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Urinary Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

Involuntary loss of urine that can have an abrupt or sudden onset and is chronic

A

Established incontinence

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2
Q

Loss of voluntary control of urine due to disabilities that prevent independent toileting, sedation, inaccessible bathroom, medications that impair cognition, or any other factor interfering with the ability to reach a bathroom

A

Functional incontinence

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3
Q

Condition in which there is inflammation of the glomeruli, which filter blood as it passes through the kidneys

A

Glomerulonephritis

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4
Q

Involuntary loss of urine due to a combination of factors

A

Mixed incontinence

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5
Q

Loss of control of voiding due to inability to SENSE the urge to void or control urine flow

A

Neurogenic (reflex) incontinence

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6
Q

Voiding at least once during the night

A

Nocturia

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7
Q

Involuntary loss of urine due to an excessive accumulation of urine in the bladder

A

Overflow incontinence

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8
Q

Involuntary loss of urine when pressure is placed on the PELVIC FLOOR (e.g., from laughing, sneezing, or coughing)

A

Stress incontinence

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9
Q

Involuntary loss of urine that is acute in onset and usually reversible

A

Transient incontinence

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10
Q

Involuntary loss of urine due to irritation or SPASMS of the bladder wall that cause a sudden elimination of urine

A

Urgency incontinence

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11
Q

Involuntary loss of urine

A

Urinary incontinence

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12
Q

One of the greatest annoyances of the changes of the urinary tract is __ __.

A

urinary frequency

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13
Q

Urinary frequency is caused by:

A

hypertrophy and thickening of the bladder

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14
Q

What does hypertrophy of the bladder muscle and thickening of the bladder cause?

A

Decreases the ability of the bladder to expand and reduces storage capacity.

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15
Q

Kidney circulation __ when an individual lays down, which causes voiding to be required more often.

A

improves

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16
Q

Is incontinence a normal consequence of aging?

A

No

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17
Q

Age-related changes in cortical control of micturition also contribute to __. This is common with ___.

A

nocturia

dementia

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18
Q

Most common cause of urinary retention in women? In men?

A

Women: fecal impaction
Men: prostatic hypertrophy

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19
Q

Symptoms of retention include:

A

urinary frequency, straining, dribbling, palpable bladder, and the sensation that the bladder has not been emptied.

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20
Q

The filtration efficiency of the kidneys decreases with age, affecting the body’s ability to eliminate __

A

drugs

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21
Q

Decreased tubular function may cause problems in the ___.

A

concentration of urine in response to water and/or sodium excess/depletion

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22
Q

The maximum specific gravity at 80 years of age is ___ whereas at younger ages, it is __.

A
  1. 024

1. 032

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23
Q

An increase in the renal threshold for glucose is a serious concern, because older individuals can be:

A

hyperglycemic without evidence of glycosuria

24
Q

The nurse can teach older adults specific efforts to enhance voiding and prevent retention by:

A 
Voiding in upright position
Massaging bladder area
Rocking back and forth
Running water
Soaking hands in warm water
25
Q

What things can prevent a urinary tract problem?

A
  • good fluid intake
  • Vitamin C
  • activity
  • frequent toileting
26
Q

What can enhance acidic urine (which is beneficial to prevent infection)?

A

Vitamin C and foods such as cranberries, prunes, plums, eggs, cheese, yogurt, fish, and grains

27
Q

the most common infection of older adults and increase in prevalence with age

A

UTI’s

28
Q

Organisms primarily responsible for UTIs are __ in women and __ species in men

A

Escherichia coli

Proteus

29
Q

UTIs can result from:

A

poor hygienic practices, prostate problems, catheterization, dehydration, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, neurogenic bladders, and general debilitated states.

30
Q

Early symptoms of a UTI:

A

burning, urgency, and fever

31
Q

Bacteriuria greater than ___ CFU/mL confirms the diagnosis of UTI

A

105

32
Q

Some older adults develop __ and __ with UTIs.

A

incontinence and delirium

33
Q

___ (septicemia secondary to UTI) is a common complication of persons with indwelling catheters.

A

Urosepsis

34
Q

Severe UTIs leading to ___ occur more frequently among older persons than among the young, as do recurrent UTIs.

A

septicemia

35
Q

___ is the most common UTI among older men.

A

Prostatitis

36
Q

Although nonbacterial prostatitis is responsible for some cases, most infections are ___ in origin.

A

bacterial

37
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis is characterized by the systemic symptoms of:

A

fever, chills, and malaise

38
Q

___ incontinence is acute and reversible and can be caused by infections, delirium, medication reactions, excessive urine production, fecal impaction, mood disorders, or the inability to reach a commode or urinal

A

Transient

39
Q

__ incontinence is chronic and persistent with either an abrupt or gradual onset

A

Established

40
Q

The initial goal for incontinent individuals is to:

A

identify the cause of incontinence

41
Q

Older men (55yrs+) have more than ___ times the rate of older to develop bladder cancer.

A

3

42
Q

A painless hematuria is the primary sign and characterizes ___

A

cancer of the bladder.

43
Q

Renal calculi can also cause __

A

hematuria

44
Q

T/F: Glomerulonephritis may exist in older persons without being diagnosed because of its nonspecific symptoms.

A

True

45
Q

__ and __ can lead to urinary retention. (#1 cause in men and #1 cause in women)

A

prostatic hypertrophy and fecal impactions

46
Q

__ occurs when sepsis impacts structures of the urinary tract.

A

Urosepsis

47
Q

__ is a serious bloodstream infection.

A

Septicemia

48
Q

___ is swelling and inflammation of the prostate gland.

A

Prostatitis

49
Q

Kidney filtration ability decrease leads to :

A

a potential for adverse drug reactions.

50
Q

An Increase in renal threshold for glucose can lead to:

A

False-negative results for glucose in the urine without symptoms

51
Q

Is ESBL specific to male/female?

A

No

52
Q

___ is an enzyme made by some bacteria. The enzyme prevents certain antibiotics from being able to kill the bacteria. The bacteria then become resistant to the antibiotics.

A

ESBL Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase

53
Q

___ ___ is associated with bladder neck obstructions and certain medications (adrenergic, anticholinergics, and calcium channel blockers).

A

overflow incontinence

54
Q

What are some Signs & Symptoms for a UTI?

A 
Fever or low temperature (hypothermic)
Urgency
Burning
Incontinence (Transient/temporary)
Delirium (decreased level in consciousness or onset of confusion)
55
Q

Irritation of bladder, exposure to dyes, and cigarette smoking are all risk factors for ___ ___

A

bladder cancer

56
Q

Bladder cancer: Observe patients for signs of ____

A

metastasis

57
Q

___, ___, and ___ are the most common causes of renal calculi

A

Dehydration, hypercalcemia, and excessive elimination of uric acid

Fundamentals 2 (16 decks)

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