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Fundamentals 2 > ** Chapter 19: Cardiovascular > Flashcards

** Chapter 19: Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal heart rate or rhythm

A

Arrhythmia

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2
Q

Hardening & narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup in vessel walls

A

Atherosclerosis

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3
Q

Pain (usually in calf) when the affected leg is dorsiflexed, usually associated with deep vein thrombosis (can be deep phlebitis as well) of the leg

A

Homan’s sign

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4
Q

Consistent blood pressure reading >140 systolic & >90 diastolic

A

Hypertension

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5
Q

Decline in cardiovascular function due to physical inactivity

A

Physical deconditioning

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6
Q

Decline in systolic blood pressure for 20 mm Hg or more after rising & standing for 1 minute

A

Postural hypotension

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7
Q

Improved technology & increased public awareness resulted in decline in __ __.

A

heart disease

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8
Q

___ ___ has become the major cause of disability & death in older population.

A

Cardiovascular disease

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9
Q

Nursing interventions for prevention address potential problems related to ___

A

circulation

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10
Q

Heart valves become ___ and ___

A

thicker & rigid

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11
Q

The aorta becomes ____

A

dilated

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12
Q

There is slight ventricular ____

A

hypertrophy

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13
Q

There is thickening of the ___ ventricular wall

A

left

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14
Q

Myocardial muscles are less ___

A

efficient

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15
Q

There is decreased ___ strength in the heart.

A

contractile

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16
Q

There is also decreased ___ ___ when demands are increased by the heart.

A

cardiac output

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17
Q

___ and reduced ____ of the vessel also occur in the heart.

A

Calcification

elasticity

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18
Q

Also, the heart is less sensitive to baroreceptor regulation of ___ ___

A

blood pressure

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19
Q

Conditions altering tissue perfusion (most common ones):

A
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Diabetes, cancer, & renal failure
  • Blood dyscrasias
  • Hypotension
  • Medication side effects
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20
Q

2 things to promote cardiovascular health:

A
  • modify lifestyle and diet

- identify and lower risks through education

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21
Q

What are some important practices for cardiovascular health promotion?

A

proper diet, exercise, no cigarette smoking, manage stress, & proactive interventions

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22
Q

For proper diet & weight, you want to control your levels of ___

A

cholesterol

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23
Q

A proper diet to control nutrition is a diet low in __ __ and __.

A

fat cholesterol and salt

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24
Q

____ is important for optimal health.

A

Exercise

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25
Q

Physical deconditioning is related to ___ ___.

A

functional decline

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26
Q

You can enhance circulation with:

A

aerobic exercise, yoga, strengthening exercises, balance exercises, & tai chi

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27
Q

T/F: Smokers are usually aware of the risks?

A

True

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28
Q

___ is a normal part of life.

A

Stress

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29
Q

Educate regarding identification of stressors, ___ to stress, & effective ___.

A

reactions

management

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30
Q

Interventions for handling stress can include:

A

relaxation exercises, yoga, meditation, & other stress-reducing activities

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31
Q

Low-dose aspirin daily can reduce ____ events

A

cardiovascular

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32
Q

If your patient is on ____, that could be why they are having cardiovascular events.

A

aspirin

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33
Q

T/F: Light drinking may be beneficial

A

true

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34
Q

Comprehensive assessment of the cardiovascular system includes ___ ___ screening.

A

C-reactive protein

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35
Q

What test? Blood work. Looks at inflammatory markers for your patient.

A

C-reactive protein screening

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36
Q

Prevalence of Cardiovascular disease and women ___ with age.

A

increases

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37
Q

T/F: signs of cardiovascular disease differ with women.

A

true

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38
Q

What gender is this an example of when it comes to cardiovascular disease: Could be more vague. Like they have an MI but think they are just having acid reflex.

A

women

39
Q

When discussing cardiovascular diseases, guide women about

A

NOT ignoring symptoms!!

40
Q

Hypertension is defined as a:
Systolic blood pressure greater than ___ mm Hg
Diastolic blood pressure greater than ___ mm Hg

A

140

90

41
Q

Factors to consider when monitoring blood pressure:

A

anxiety, stress, & activity, if their legs are crossed, etc before assessment will raise their BP

42
Q

Symptoms: dull headache, impaired memory, disorientation, confusion, epistaxis, & slow tremor

A

Hypertension

43
Q

Defined as: orthostatic/postural hypotension=decline in systolic blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or more after changing positions (lying sitting standing)

A

Hypotension

44
Q

___ & ____ hypotension are due to increased intake of vasoactive medications & baroreceptor sensitivity can result in hypotension.

A

Postural & postprandial

45
Q

Consequences of hypotension include:

A

falls, stroke, syncope, & other coronary complications

46
Q

Leading cause of hospitalization?

A

Congestive Heart Failure

47
Q

__ ___ ___ is a complication of arteriosclerotic heart disease.

A

congestive heart failure

48
Q

__ __ __ is responsible for most cases when it comes to congestive heart failure.

A

Coronary artery disease

49
Q

What disease? Symptoms: shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion, confusion, insomnia, wandering at night, agitation, depression, orthopnea (might need to sleep with more pillows so their pulmonary edema doesn’t affect her breathing), wheezing, weight gain, & edema

A

congestive heart failure

50
Q

What disease? Signs/symptoms: confusion, apprehension, shortness of breath, temperature elevation, pneumonitis, & elevated sedimentation rate

A

pulmonary edema

51
Q

Some risk factors for pulmonary edema include:

A

fractures, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, history of thrombosis, & immobilization, lung cancer

52
Q

A condition where the major blood vessels supplying the heart are narrowed.

A

Ischemic heart disease

53
Q

Nitroglycerin is effective to use for __.

A

angina

54
Q

Atypical presentation of ___ ___: confusion, decreased blood pressure, shortness of breath, elevated temperature, & sedimentation rate increases

A

myocardial infarction

55
Q

Atypical presentation of ___: coughing, syncope, sweating, & confusion

A

Angina

56
Q

Defined as: Elevated full lipid profile, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, & low-density lipoprotein

A

hyperlipidemia

57
Q

What are 3 treatments for hyperlipidemia?

A
  • dietary changes
  • medications
  • alternative & complimentary therapies
58
Q

What can digitalis toxicity, hypokalemia, acute infections, hemorrhage, anginal syndrome, & coronary insufficiency cause?

A

arrhythmias

59
Q

Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, palpitations, confusion, dizziness, hypotension, bradycardia, & syncope

A

arrhythmias

60
Q

Education on preventing arrhythmias:

A

modify diet, smoking cessation, decrease alcohol, & activity

61
Q

__ is common especially among those with diabetes.

A

Arteriosclerosis

62
Q

PVD affects the ___ vessels ___ from the heart.

A

smaller

furthest

63
Q

Treatment of PVD?

A

warmth, exercises, & vasodilators

64
Q

How do you diagnose PVD?

A

arteriography, radiography, & oscillometric testing (blood pressure cuff)

65
Q

Diabetics have a high risk for __ __ __

A

peripheral vascular problems

66
Q

Arterial insufficiency includes what 3 things?

A
  • Resting pain: aka intermittent claudication
  • Arterial pulses are absent or difficult to palpate
  • Skin discoloration, ulcerations, & gangrene
67
Q

Advanced arteriosclerosis aids in the development of __.

A

aneurysms

68
Q

Some see, some palpable, & others detected by radiography.

A

aneurysms

69
Q

___ can develop from aneurysms.

A

Thrombosis

70
Q

Dilated, tortuous nature of vein.

A

varicose vein

71
Q

What are symptoms of varicose veins?

A

Dull pain, cramping, can interfere with sleep

72
Q

Patients with varicose veins are susceptible to __ & ___.

A

trauma & infection

73
Q

Treatment for varicose veins is aimed at reducing __ __.

A

venous stasis

74
Q

Edema, warmth over affected area, pain in foot, cyanosis, aching, & engorgement of superficial veins are all signs of ___ ___

A

venous thromboembolism

75
Q

You treat venous thromboembolism or varicose veins with what medication?

A

anticoagulants

76
Q

General Nursing Considerations for Cardiovascular Conditions can include:

A
  • Prevention
  • Keep the patient informed
  • Prevent complications
  • Promote circulation
  • Provide foot care
  • Manage problems associated with peripheral vascular disease
  • Promote normality
  • Integrate complementary therapies
77
Q

3 levels of prevention:

A

Primary: prevention of illness, screening
Secondary: prevention progression of illness
Tertiary: improve quality of life, reduce disability, delay complications

78
Q

___ can promote skin breakdown.

A

Edema

79
Q

List ways you can prevent skin breakdown:

A 
Change position frequently
Proper alignment for body
Monitor conditions that increase chances of edema
Protect from skin breakdown
Monitor, observe, & document
80
Q

To prevent cardiovascular complications you should assess vital signs and ___ ____, and use careful administration of ___.

A

fluid balance

oxygen

81
Q

Patients may have the potential for what 2 complications to develops?

A
  • anorexia

- vagal stimulation (stimulation in the vagus nerve)

82
Q

Patients with cardiovascular diseases have an increased risk of altered __ __ .

A

tissue perfusion

83
Q

People with peripheral vascular disease must pay special attention to their __.

A

feet

84
Q

When integrating complementary therapies, some conventional measures include:

A 
Meditation
Biofeedback
Guided imagery
Tai chi
Yoga
85
Q

What is the full benefit of complementary therapies?

A

less intrusive, less expensive, & minimal risk

86
Q

Symptoms: dull headache, impaired memory, disorientation, confusion, epistaxis, & slow tremor

A

Hypertension

87
Q

Consequences=falls, stroke, syncope, & other coronary complications

A

Hypotension

88
Q 
Dizziness, light-headedness
Fainting
Unsteadiness
Blurred vision
Heartbeats become more noticeable
Confusion
Tiredness
Nausea
A

hypotension

89
Q

Symptoms: shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion, confusion, insomnia, wandering at night, agitation, depression, orthopnea, wheezing, weight gain, & edema

A

CHF

90
Q

Signs/symptoms: confusion, apprehension, shortness of breath, temperature elevation, pneumonitis, & elevated sedimentation rate

A

PE

91
Q

Atypical presentation: confusion, decreased blood pressure, shortness of breath, elevated temperature, & sedimentation rate

A

MI

92
Q

Atypical presentation: coughing, syncope, sweating, & confusion

A

Angina

93
Q 
Fatigue, weakness, and lethargy
Depression and disinterest in activities
Anorexia
Weight gain and puffy face
Impaired hearing
Periorbital or peripheral edema
Constipation
Cold intolerance
Myalgia, paresthesia, and ataxia
Dry skin and coarse hair
A

hypothyroisism

94
Q

Classic symptoms of ___ include diaphoresis, tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension, tremor, diarrhea, stare, lid lag, insomnia, nervousness, confusion, heat intolerance, increased hunger, proximal muscle weakness, and hyperreflexia.

A

hyperthyroidism

Fundamentals 2 (16 decks)

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