** Chapter 19: Cardiovascular Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Abnormal heart rate or rhythm
A
Arrhythmia
2
Q
Hardening & narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup in vessel walls
A
Atherosclerosis
3
Q
Pain (usually in calf) when the affected leg is dorsiflexed, usually associated with deep vein thrombosis (can be deep phlebitis as well) of the leg
A
Homan’s sign
4
Q
Consistent blood pressure reading >140 systolic & >90 diastolic
A
Hypertension
5
Q
Decline in cardiovascular function due to physical inactivity
A
Physical deconditioning
6
Q
Decline in systolic blood pressure for 20 mm Hg or more after rising & standing for 1 minute
A
Postural hypotension
7
Q
Improved technology & increased public awareness resulted in decline in __ __.
A
heart disease
8
Q
___ ___ has become the major cause of disability & death in older population.
A
Cardiovascular disease
9
Q
Nursing interventions for prevention address potential problems related to ___
A
circulation
10
Q
Heart valves become ___ and ___
A
thicker & rigid
11
Q
The aorta becomes ____
A
dilated
12
Q
There is slight ventricular ____
A
hypertrophy
13
Q
There is thickening of the ___ ventricular wall
A
left
14
Q
Myocardial muscles are less ___
A
efficient
15
Q
There is decreased ___ strength in the heart.
A
contractile
16
Q
There is also decreased ___ ___ when demands are increased by the heart.
A
cardiac output
17
Q
___ and reduced ____ of the vessel also occur in the heart.
A
Calcification
elasticity
18
Q
Also, the heart is less sensitive to baroreceptor regulation of ___ ___
A
blood pressure
19
Q
Conditions altering tissue perfusion (most common ones):
A
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Diabetes, cancer, & renal failure
- Blood dyscrasias
- Hypotension
- Medication side effects
20
Q
2 things to promote cardiovascular health:
A
- modify lifestyle and diet
- identify and lower risks through education
21
Q
What are some important practices for cardiovascular health promotion?
A
proper diet, exercise, no cigarette smoking, manage stress, & proactive interventions
22
Q
For proper diet & weight, you want to control your levels of ___
A
cholesterol
23
Q
A proper diet to control nutrition is a diet low in __ __ and __.
A
fat cholesterol and salt
24
Q
____ is important for optimal health.
A
Exercise
25
Physical deconditioning is related to ___ ___.
functional decline
26
You can enhance circulation with:
aerobic exercise, yoga, strengthening exercises, balance exercises, & tai chi
27
T/F: Smokers are usually aware of the risks?
True
28
___ is a normal part of life.
Stress
29
Educate regarding identification of stressors, ___ to stress, & effective ___.
reactions
| management
30
Interventions for handling stress can include:
relaxation exercises, yoga, meditation, & other stress-reducing activities
31
Low-dose aspirin daily can reduce ____ events
cardiovascular
32
If your patient is on ____, that could be why they are having cardiovascular events.
aspirin
33
T/F: Light drinking may be beneficial
true
34
Comprehensive assessment of the cardiovascular system includes ___ ___ screening.
C-reactive protein
35
What test? Blood work. Looks at inflammatory markers for your patient.
C-reactive protein screening
36
Prevalence of Cardiovascular disease and women ___ with age.
increases
37
T/F: signs of cardiovascular disease differ with women.
true
38
What gender is this an example of when it comes to cardiovascular disease: Could be more vague. Like they have an MI but think they are just having acid reflex.
women
39
When discussing cardiovascular diseases, guide women about
NOT ignoring symptoms!!
40
Hypertension is defined as a:
Systolic blood pressure greater than ___ mm Hg
Diastolic blood pressure greater than ___ mm Hg
140
| 90
41
Factors to consider when monitoring blood pressure:
anxiety, stress, & activity, if their legs are crossed, etc before assessment will raise their BP
42
Symptoms: dull headache, impaired memory, disorientation, confusion, epistaxis, & slow tremor
Hypertension
43
Defined as: orthostatic/postural hypotension=decline in systolic blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or more after changing positions (lying sitting standing)
Hypotension
44
___ & ____ hypotension are due to increased intake of vasoactive medications & baroreceptor sensitivity can result in hypotension.
Postural & postprandial
45
Consequences of hypotension include:
falls, stroke, syncope, & other coronary complications
46
Leading cause of hospitalization?
Congestive Heart Failure
47
__ ___ ___ is a complication of arteriosclerotic heart disease.
congestive heart failure
48
__ __ __ is responsible for most cases when it comes to congestive heart failure.
Coronary artery disease
49
What disease? Symptoms: shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion, confusion, insomnia, wandering at night, agitation, depression, orthopnea (might need to sleep with more pillows so their pulmonary edema doesn’t affect her breathing), wheezing, weight gain, & edema
congestive heart failure
50
What disease? Signs/symptoms: confusion, apprehension, shortness of breath, temperature elevation, pneumonitis, & elevated sedimentation rate
pulmonary edema
51
Some risk factors for pulmonary edema include:
fractures, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, history of thrombosis, & immobilization, lung cancer
52
A condition where the major blood vessels supplying the heart are narrowed.
Ischemic heart disease
53
Nitroglycerin is effective to use for __.
angina
54
Atypical presentation of ___ ___: confusion, decreased blood pressure, shortness of breath, elevated temperature, & sedimentation rate increases
myocardial infarction
55
Atypical presentation of ___: coughing, syncope, sweating, & confusion
Angina
56
Defined as: Elevated full lipid profile, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, & low-density lipoprotein
hyperlipidemia
57
What are 3 treatments for hyperlipidemia?
- dietary changes
- medications
- alternative & complimentary therapies
58
What can digitalis toxicity, hypokalemia, acute infections, hemorrhage, anginal syndrome, & coronary insufficiency cause?
arrhythmias
59
Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, palpitations, confusion, dizziness, hypotension, bradycardia, & syncope
arrhythmias
60
Education on preventing arrhythmias:
modify diet, smoking cessation, decrease alcohol, & activity
61
__ is common especially among those with diabetes.
Arteriosclerosis
62
PVD affects the ___ vessels ___ from the heart.
smaller
| furthest
63
Treatment of PVD?
warmth, exercises, & vasodilators
64
How do you diagnose PVD?
arteriography, radiography, & oscillometric testing (blood pressure cuff)
65
Diabetics have a high risk for __ __ __
peripheral vascular problems
66
Arterial insufficiency includes what 3 things?
- Resting pain: aka intermittent claudication
- Arterial pulses are absent or difficult to palpate
- Skin discoloration, ulcerations, & gangrene
67
Advanced arteriosclerosis aids in the development of __.
aneurysms
68
Some see, some palpable, & others detected by radiography.
aneurysms
69
___ can develop from aneurysms.
Thrombosis
70
Dilated, tortuous nature of vein.
varicose vein
71
What are symptoms of varicose veins?
Dull pain, cramping, can interfere with sleep
72
Patients with varicose veins are susceptible to __ & ___.
trauma & infection
73
Treatment for varicose veins is aimed at reducing __ __.
venous stasis
74
Edema, warmth over affected area, pain in foot, cyanosis, aching, & engorgement of superficial veins are all signs of ___ ___
venous thromboembolism
75
You treat venous thromboembolism or varicose veins with what medication?
anticoagulants
76
General Nursing Considerations for Cardiovascular Conditions can include:
- Prevention
- Keep the patient informed
- Prevent complications
- Promote circulation
- Provide foot care
- Manage problems associated with peripheral vascular disease
- Promote normality
- Integrate complementary therapies
77
3 levels of prevention:
Primary: prevention of illness, screening
Secondary: prevention progression of illness
Tertiary: improve quality of life, reduce disability, delay complications
78
___ can promote skin breakdown.
Edema
79
List ways you can prevent skin breakdown:
```
Change position frequently
Proper alignment for body
Monitor conditions that increase chances of edema
Protect from skin breakdown
Monitor, observe, & document
```
80
To prevent cardiovascular complications you should assess vital signs and ___ ____, and use careful administration of ___.
fluid balance
| oxygen
81
Patients may have the potential for what 2 complications to develops?
- anorexia
| - vagal stimulation (stimulation in the vagus nerve)
82
Patients with cardiovascular diseases have an increased risk of altered __ __ .
tissue perfusion
83
People with peripheral vascular disease must pay special attention to their __.
feet
84
When integrating complementary therapies, some conventional measures include:
```
Meditation
Biofeedback
Guided imagery
Tai chi
Yoga
```
85
What is the full benefit of complementary therapies?
less intrusive, less expensive, & minimal risk
86
Symptoms: dull headache, impaired memory, disorientation, confusion, epistaxis, & slow tremor
Hypertension
87
Consequences=falls, stroke, syncope, & other coronary complications
Hypotension
88
```
Dizziness, light-headedness
Fainting
Unsteadiness
Blurred vision
Heartbeats become more noticeable
Confusion
Tiredness
Nausea
```
hypotension
89
Symptoms: shortness of breath, dyspnea on exertion, confusion, insomnia, wandering at night, agitation, depression, orthopnea, wheezing, weight gain, & edema
CHF
90
Signs/symptoms: confusion, apprehension, shortness of breath, temperature elevation, pneumonitis, & elevated sedimentation rate
PE
91
Atypical presentation: confusion, decreased blood pressure, shortness of breath, elevated temperature, & sedimentation rate
MI
92
Atypical presentation: coughing, syncope, sweating, & confusion
Angina
93
```
Fatigue, weakness, and lethargy
Depression and disinterest in activities
Anorexia
Weight gain and puffy face
Impaired hearing
Periorbital or peripheral edema
Constipation
Cold intolerance
Myalgia, paresthesia, and ataxia
Dry skin and coarse hair
```
hypothyroisism
94
Classic symptoms of ___ include diaphoresis, tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension, tremor, diarrhea, stare, lid lag, insomnia, nervousness, confusion, heat intolerance, increased hunger, proximal muscle weakness, and hyperreflexia.
hyperthyroidism
