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A&P II > Chapter 23 Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary canal

A
  • GI tract
  • Digest and absorb food
  • Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
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2
Q

Ingestion

A

-The intake of food into the mouth

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3
Q

Propulsion

A

-Movement of particles through the alimentary canal, through peristalsis

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4
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

-Chewing and mixing food for chemical digestion and segmentation, rhythmic local constrictions in the stomach

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5
Q

Chemical digestion

A

-Catabolation of particles into chemical building blocks; accomplished by enzymes

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6
Q

Absorption

A

-Passage of products from the GI lumen to the blood and lymph, though active and passive transport

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7
Q

Defecation

A

-Elimination of indigestible products

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8
Q

Peristalsis

A

-Adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, which moves food along the tract distally

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9
Q

Segmentation

A

-Nonadjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, moving the food forward then backward. Food mixing and slow food propulsion occurs.

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10
Q

Short reflex

A

-Local control of enteric plexus (gut brain)

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11
Q

Long reflex

A

-Uses the CNS and autonomic nerves

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12
Q

Peritoneum

A

-Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

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13
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

-On external surface of most digestive organs

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14
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

-Lines the body wall

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15
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A
  • Between the two peritoneums

- Fluid lubricates mobile organs

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16
Q

Mesentary

A

-Double layer of peritoneum

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17
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

-Lie posterior to the peritoneum

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18
Q

Intraperitonial

A

-Surrounded by the peritoneum

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19
Q

Splanchnic circulation

A

-Arteries that branch off the dorsal aorta and are part of the Hepatic Portal System

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20
Q

Mucus

A
  • Protects digestive organs from enzymes

- Eases food passage

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21
Q

Lamina propia

A
  • Loose areolar connective tissue
  • Capillaries for nourishment and absorption
  • Lymphoid follicles (part of MALT)
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22
Q

Muscularis mucosa

A

-Smooth muscle that produces local movements of mucosa

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23
Q

Adventitia

A

-Replaces the serosa in the esophagus

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24
Q

Sphincter

A

-Cylindrical muscle that maintains constriction of a passage

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25
Q

Enteric neurons

A

-Regulate digestive activity within the gut; it is local rather than systemic

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26
Q

Mouth

A

-Oral (buccal) cavity

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27
Q

Buccal cavity

A

-Bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue

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28
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

-Muscle of the lips

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29
Q

Buccinators muscle

A

-Muscle of the cheeks

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30
Q

Vestibule

A

-Recess internal to lips and cheeks, external to teeth and gums

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31
Q

Oral cavity proper

A

-Lies within the teeth and gums

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32
Q

Labial frenulum

A

-Median attachment of each lip to the gum

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33
Q

Hard palate

A

-Palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxillae

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34
Q

Soft palate

A

-Fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle

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35
Q

Filiform papillae

A

-Whitish, give the tongue roughness and provide friction

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36
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

-Reddish, scattered over the tongue, house taste buds

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37
Q

Vallate papillae

A

-V-shaped row in back of tongue, house taste buds

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38
Q

Foliate papillae

A

-On the lateral aspects of the posterior tongue, house taste buds used in infancy and early childhood

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39
Q

Terminal sulcus

A

-Marks the division between the body and root

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40
Q

Body of the tongue

A

-Anterior 2/3 residing in the oral cavity

41
Q

Root of the tongue

A

-Posterior third residing in the oropharynx

42
Q

Extrinsic salivary glands

A

-Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

43
Q

Intrinsic salivary glands

A

-Scattered in the oral mucosa

44
Q

Saliva

A
  • Cleanses the mouth
  • Moistens and dissolves food chemicals
  • Aids in bolus formation
  • Contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of starch
  • Immune function
45
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

-milk, 20

46
Q

Permanent teeth

A

-32

47
Q

Incisors

A

-Chisel shape for cutting

48
Q

Canines

A

-Fanglike for tearing or piercing

49
Q

Premolars

A

-Bicuspids

50
Q

Molars

A

-For grinding and crushing

51
Q

Enamel

A
  • Hardest substance in the body

- External surface of the tooth

52
Q

Dentin

A

-Beneath the enamel

53
Q

Crown

A

-Visible portion of tooth

54
Q

Gum

A

-Pink tissue that holds teeth

55
Q

Dental caries

A
  • Cavities

- Decay by bacterial action

56
Q

Periodontal disease

A
  • Plaque buildup causing infection in surrounding tissues

- Destroys periodontal ligament

57
Q

Gingivitis

A

-Inflammation of the gums

58
Q

Pharynx

A
  • Oropharynx and laryngopharynx

- Allow passage of food, fluids, and air

59
Q

Mastication

A

-Chewing, physical manipulation

60
Q

Deglutition

A

-Swallowing

61
Q

Chyme

A

-Creamy paste created by the physical breakdown of food

62
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

-Acidic mucous

63
Q

Parietal cells

A

-HCl and intrinsic factor (for B12 absorption in SI)

64
Q

Chief cells

A

-Pepsin (protein digestion)

65
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

-Hormones to regulate digestion

66
Q

Duodenum

A
  • Initial part of the small intestine

- Curves around the head of the pancreas

67
Q

Ileum

A

-Joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve

68
Q

Jejunum

A

-Extends from duodenum to the ileum

69
Q

Villi

A

-Folds that increase surface area

70
Q

Microvilli

A
  • Increase surface area

- Give the impression of a brush border

71
Q

Lacteals

A

-Drain fatty lymph from digestive tract organs and convey it to blood

72
Q

Mucosa structure

A
  • Between villi: intestinal crypts (crypts of Lieberkuhn) secrete intestinal juice
  • Paneth cells
  • Goblet cells
73
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

-Secrete intestinal juice

74
Q

Paneth cells

A

-Secrete lysozyme

75
Q

Goblet cells

A

-Secrete mucus

76
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

-Lymphoid follicles

77
Q

Brunner’s glands

A

-Alkaline bicarbonate to neutralize HCl in chyme

78
Q

Bile salts

A
  • Cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid emulsify fats

- Recycled rather than secreted by the enterohepatic circulation

79
Q

Bile

A

-Yellow-green alkaline solution that emulsifies fat

80
Q

Pancreatic juice

A
  • Water, enzymes, and electrolytes (primarily bicarbonate)

- Helps neutralize chyme

81
Q

Pancreatic enzymes

A
  • Amylase, lipase, nuclease

- May be active, but require ions or bile for optimal activity

82
Q

Secretin

A
  • Regulated by HCl in the lumen

- Target: duct cells to release pancreatic juice, which is bicarbonate rich

83
Q

Cholecystokinin

A
  • Regulated by presence of protein and fat

- Target: acini, to release enzyme rich pancreatic juice

84
Q

Teniae coli

A

-Three bands of smooth muscle

85
Q

Haustra

A

-Pocket-like sacs created by muscle bands

86
Q

Epiploic appendages

A

-Fat filled pouches of the visceral peritoneum

87
Q

Cecum

A

-First part of intestine

88
Q

Appendix

A

-Masses of lymphoid tissue (part of MALT)

89
Q

Colon

A
  • Ascending and descending colon are retroperitoneal

- Transverse colon and sigmoid colon are anchored via mesocolons

90
Q

Rectum

A

-Three rectal valves stop feces from being passed with gas

91
Q

Anal canal

A

-The last segment of the large intestine

92
Q

Internal anal sphincter

A

-Smooth muscle

93
Q

External anal sphincter

A

-Skeletal muscle

94
Q

Defecation

A

-Elimination of waste is initiated by the parasympathetic nervous system

95
Q

Hydrolysis

A

-The enzymatic breakdown of food molecules, as there is the addition of water in breaking the molecular bonds

96
Q

Vitamins

A
  • fat soluble vitamins

- water soluble vitamins

97
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A
  • A, D, E, K

- Incorporated into micelles and move by passive diffusion

98
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A
  • Enter by diffusion

- B12 bound to intrinsic factor which is taken up by endocytosis

99
Q

Electrolyte

A

-Sodium pumped across, most others by simple diffusion

A&P II (8 decks)

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