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A&P II > Chapter 21 Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immune system

A
  • Non-specific, born with this system
  • Protective barriers (skin)
  • General chemical signals
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2
Q

Adaptive immune system

A
  • Specific, adapted

- Response specific to antigen

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3
Q

Pathogen

A

-Harmful, disease causing microorganisms

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4
Q

Mechanical barrier

A

-Physical obstruction

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5
Q

Lysozyme

A

-In saliva to destroy bacteria

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6
Q

Phagocytes

A

-Primary types are macrophages derived from monocytes (free or fixed)

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7
Q

Natural killer cells (NK)

A
  • Cells in the blood and lymph that lyse and kill cancer cells and virus infected cells
  • Recognize cell surface sugars
  • Release perforins to attack membranes
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8
Q

Hyperemia

A

-The redness and heat of blood congesting in an area

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9
Q

Exudate

A

-Fluid with clotting factors and antibodies from bloodstream into tissue spaces

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10
Q

Edema

A

-Swelling and pain by stimulating nerves

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11
Q

Leukocytosis

A

-Promote release of neutrophils from red-marrow

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12
Q

Margination

A

-Inflamed areas sprout cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) providing footholds for neutrophils to cling to damaged area

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13
Q

Diapedesis

A

-Neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls

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14
Q

Chemotaxis

A

-Neutrophils follow chemical gradient to site of the injury

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15
Q

Antimicrobial proteins

A

-Interfere with microorganisms’ ability to reproduce

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16
Q

Interferon

A
  • Act against malignant cells
  • Reduce inflammation in injured areas
  • Activate macrophages and mobilize natural killer cells
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17
Q

Complement

A
  • Destroy foreign substances in the body by amplifying the inflammation process
  • Kill bacteria by lysis
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18
Q

Humoral immunity

A
  • Antibody mediated immunity

- Antibodies bind to antigens and mark them for destruction by phagocytes

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19
Q

Cellular immunity

A
  • Cell mediated immunity

- Lymphocytes defend themselves directly

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20
Q

Antigen

A
  • Any foreign substance in the body that mobilize an immune response
  • Target of immune system (nonself)
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21
Q

Complete antigen

A
  • Immunogenicity: stimulates proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibodies
  • Reactivity: Have the ability to react to the activated lymphocytes and antibodies
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22
Q

Hapten

A
  • Small molecules causing an allergic reaction

- Mount an attack once linked to body’s defenses

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23
Q

MHC

A
  • Major histocompatability complex
  • Cell external surfaces have protein molecules, termed self antigens
  • Glycoproteins mark cells as self
  • Class I: found on all cells
  • Class II: only certain cells acting in immune response
24
Q

Immunocompetent

A

-Able to recognize and bind to an antigen

25
Q

Humoral immune response

A
  • Antigen challenge: first encounter between antigen and naive immunocompetent cell
  • If a B cell provokes a humoral immune response, antibodies are produced against the challenger
26
Q

Antigen challenge

A

-first encounter between antigen and naive immunocompetent cell

27
Q

Plasma cell

A

-Antibody secreting effector cells of the humoral response

28
Q

Memory cell

A

-Can mount an almost immediate humoral response if they encounter the same antigen in the future

29
Q

Clone cells

A
  • Most become plasma cells

- Other cells become memory cells

30
Q

Active humoral immunity

A

-Encounter antigen and produce antibody

31
Q

Passive humoral immunity

A

-Antibodies from external source, no response

32
Q

Naturally acquired active humoral immunity

A

-Infection, contact with pathogen

33
Q

Artificially acquired active humoral immunity

A

-Vaccine, dead or attenuated pathogens

34
Q

Naturally acquired passive humoral immunity

A

-Antibodies pass from mother to fetus

35
Q

Artificially acquired passive humoral immunity

A

-Injection of immune serum (gamma globulin)

36
Q

C region

A

-Form stem of antibody, the effector region

37
Q

V region

A

-Antigen binding of antibody site shaped to fit a specific antigenic determinant

38
Q

Lethal hit

A
  • Bind and release perforin into the plasma membrane
  • Detaches and continues
  • Perforins create transmembrane pores, causing cell lysis
39
Q

Perforin

A

-Create transmembrane pores during a lethal hit, causing cell lysis

40
Q

Lymphotoxin

A

-Fragments target cell DNA

41
Q

Tumor necrosis factor

A

-Triggers apoptosis (programmed cell death) in 48-72 hours

42
Q

Gamma interferon

A

-Stimulates macrophages to killer status, enhancing phagocytosis

43
Q

Autograft

A

-Transplants within the same person

44
Q

Isograft

A

-Grafts between genetically identical twins

45
Q

Allograft

A

-Grafts between individuals that are not genetically identical, but of the same species (most transplants)

46
Q

Xenograft

A

-Grafts taken from another animal

47
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

-

48
Q

SCID

A

-Severe combined immunodeficiency syndromes (The Bubble Boy)

49
Q

Hodgkin disease

A

-Cancer of the lymph nodes

50
Q

AIDS

A
  • Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

- Destroys the effectiveness of CD4 cells

51
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

-Both congenital and acquired conditions causing abnormal function in phagocytes, immune cells, or complement

52
Q

Hypersensitivity

A
  • Fighting a perceived threat: allergen

- Immediate, subacute, delayed

53
Q

Anaphylaxis

A
  • First exposure sensitizes the person without symptoms
  • Produce huge amounts of antibody (IgE), and attach to mast cells and basophils
  • Second encounter: flood of histamine and inflammatory chemicals
54
Q

Atopy

A

-Spontaneous allergy without previous exposure

55
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity

A
  • Cell mediated hypersensitivity including both cytotoxic and hypersensitive T-cells
  • Contact dermatitis
  • Protection against pathogens, cancer, foreign grafts and organs

A&P II (8 decks)

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