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A&P II > Chapter 18 Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Atria

A

Small, upper spaces of the heart; right and left paired atria

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2
Q

Ventricles

A

Large, lower spaces of the heart; right and left paired ventricles

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3
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • Right side of heart
  • Thin muscle wall
  • Chamber slightly smaller
  • Lower pressure
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4
Q

Systemic circulation

A
  • Left side of heart
  • Thick muscle wall
  • Chamber slightly larger
  • High pressure
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5
Q

Artery

A

Takes blood away from the heart

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6
Q

Vein

A

Takes blood toward the heart

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7
Q

Deoxygenated

A

Oxygen-poor

  • Arteries of pulmonary circulation
  • Veins of systemic circulation
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8
Q

Oxygenated

A

Oxygen-rich

  • Veins of pulmonary circulation
  • Arteries of systemic circulation
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9
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

-Carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

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10
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

-Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

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11
Q

Capillary bed

A

Where gas exchange occurs in lungs and body tissues

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12
Q

Aorta

A
  • Into which the left ventricle discharges blood

- From which all systemic arteries diverge to supply the body tissues

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13
Q

Parietal pleura

A

-lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

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14
Q

Pericardium

A

-Double-walled fibroserous sac which encloses the heart

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15
Q

Superior vena cava

A

-From with the right atrium receives relatively oxygen-poor blood

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16
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A
  • Composed of dense connective tissue

- Lined by the serous parietal pericardium

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17
Q

Epicardium

A

-closely applied to the heart muscle (also called the visceral epicardium)

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18
Q

Myocardium

A
  • walls of the heart

- composed primarily of cardiac muscle

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19
Q

Endocardium

A

-thin serous endothelium which lines the ventricles

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20
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

-Bundles of muscle tissue that form the ridges in the walls of the atrium

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21
Q

Papillary muscle

A
  • Small bundles of cardiac muscle that project from the myocardial wall
  • From which the chordae tendineae originate
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22
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

-tiny white collagenic cords that anchor the cusps of the to the ventricular wall

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23
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

-irregular ridges of muscle that mark the internal walls of the ventricular chambers

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24
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

-Separates the left atrium and ventricle

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25
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

-Separates the right atrium and ventricle

26
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • Composed of three pocketlike cusps

- guard the base of the two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers

27
Q

Ligamentum arteriosum

A

-fibrous remnant of the ductus arteriosus

28
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Areas where the cells interdiditate

29
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • contained in the intercalated discs

- prevent adjacent cells from separating during contraction

30
Q

Pacemaker potential

A

-slow depolarization due to opening of Na+ channels and closing of K+ channels

31
Q

SA node

A
  • located in the right atrial wall

- generate impulses

32
Q

AV node

A
  • located in the inferior portion of the interatrial septum

- impulses pause here

33
Q

Pacemaker

A

the SA node

34
Q

Internodal pathway

A

-the pathway that electrical impulses follow

35
Q

Atrioventricular bundle

A

-connects the atria to the ventricles

36
Q

Purkinje fibers

A
  • depolarizes the contractile cells of both ventricles

- also known as the contractile cells of both ventricles

37
Q

Interventricular septum

A

-separates the ventricles

38
Q

EKG

A

Electrocardiograph; shows electricity in the heart

39
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization initiated by the SA node

40
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

41
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

42
Q

SV

A

Stroke volume; SV=EDV-ESV

43
Q

EDV

A

End diastolic volume; blood that collects in the ventricle during diastole

44
Q

ESV

A

End systolic volume, blood that remains in the ventricle after it has contracted

45
Q

Preload

A

Degree of stretch of the heart muscle before contraction; affects EDV

46
Q

Contractility

A

Contractile strength at a given muscle strength; increases with Ca2+ influx

47
Q

Afterload

A

Back pressure exerted by arterial blood; the pressure the ventricles must overcome to eject blood from the heart

48
Q

Secondary messenger system

A
  • With norepinephrine, cAMP system to catalyze and activate protein kinases
  • Affects SR to release Ca2+
  • Increased actin-myosin interaction
  • increases contractile force
49
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Increases heart contractility via a cyclic AMP second-messenger system

50
Q

Tachycardia

A

Heart hurry

-Above 100/min

51
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart

-Under 60/min

52
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

-Pumping efficiency so low that tissue needs are not met

53
Q

Coronary atherosclerosis

A

Fatty buildup that clogs the coronary arteries; impairs blood and oxygen delivery

54
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Heart attack; dead cells replaced with noncontractile scar tissue

55
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

-Ventricles stretched out and “flabby”

56
Q

Pulmonary congestion

A

When the left side of the heart fails, blood vessels in the lungs become engorged; suffocation

57
Q

Peripheral congestion

A

When right side of the heart fails; edema

58
Q

Edema

A

Swelling in the tissues due to excess fluid

59
Q

Ventricular septal defect

A

Superior part of the interventricular septum fails to form

60
Q

Coarcation of the aorta

A

A part of the aorta is narrowed, increasing the work load on the left ventricle

61
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A

Multiple defects

  • Pulmonary trunk too narrow
  • Ventrical septal defect
  • Aorta opens from both ventricles
  • Wall of right ventricle thickened

A&P II (8 decks)

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