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A&P II > Chapter 16 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

hormone

A

steroidal or amino acid-based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions

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2
Q

target cell

A

tissue cells that have a specific receptor for a hormone

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3
Q

endocrine cell

A

ductless glands that secrete their hormones into the surrounding tissues

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4
Q

endocrine system

A

body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones

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5
Q

neuroendocrine cells

A

have a neural function and release hormones (hypothalamus)

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6
Q

norepinephrine

A

A catecholamine neurotransmitter and adrenal medullary hormone, associated with sympathetic nervous system activation

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7
Q

exocrine gland

A

glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular site

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8
Q

amino acid based hormone

A

most hormones are composed of amino acids; hydrophilic

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9
Q

steroids

A

synthesized from cholesterol (only gonadal and adrenocortical); hydrophobic

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10
Q

eicosnaoids

A

leukotrienes: inflammation and allergic reactions
prostaglandins: multiple targets and effects (blood pressure, contractions, pain, etc.)

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11
Q

hydrophilic hormones

A

all amino acid-based hormones (except thyroid); do not need a carrier protein and act on receptor in the plasma membrane

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12
Q

transport protein

A

required by steroids and thyroid hormone to move through the blood

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13
Q

free (unbound) hormone

A

does not have a transport protein; can leave capillary to reach target cell

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14
Q

bound hormone

A

hormone attached to a transport protein

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15
Q

secondary messenger system

A

A system of plasma membrane receptors for hormone action (Cyclic AMP & PIP2-Calcium signaling mechanisms)

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16
Q

cyclic AMP signaling mechanism

A
  1. Hormone binds receptor
  2. Receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP
  5. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases
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17
Q

cAMP

A

Cyclic AMP; activates protein kinases during cAMP mechanisms

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18
Q

hormone receptor

A

Acts as the first messenger; hormone causes receptor to change shape

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19
Q

G protein

A

Activated by receptor; activates an enzyme (such as adenylate cyclase)

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20
Q

effector enzymes

A

Activated by a G protein; may be stimulated or inhibited depending on the enzyme

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21
Q

amplification effect

A

when one hormone molecule leads to millions of final product molecules

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22
Q

phosphodiesterase

A

Intracellular enzyme that degrades cAMP

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23
Q

PIP2-calcium signaling mechanism

A
  1. Receptor activates G protein
  2. G protein activates phospholipase C
  3. Phospholipase C splits PIP2 into 2 second messengers: diacylglycerol (DAG) and inosital triphosphate (IP3)
  4. DAG activates protein kinase enzyme; IP3 releases Ca2+
  5. Ca2+ takes on second-messenger role
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24
Q

phospholipase C

A

splits a plasma membrane phospholipid called PIP2 into 2 second messengers: diacylglycerol (DAG) & inositol triphosphate (IP3)

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25
Q

cGMP

A

acts as a second messenger for selected hormones

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26
Q

up-regulation

A

when low levels of a hormone cause its target cells to form additional receptors

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27
Q

down-regulation

A

when prolonged exposure to high hormone levels causes a decrease in the number of receptors

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28
Q

affinity of hormone

A

the strength of the bond between the hormone and receptor

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29
Q

permissiveness

A

when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without the presence of another hormone

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30
Q

synergism

A

when more than one hormone produces the same affect at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified

31
Q

antagonism

A

when one hormone opposes the effects of another hormone

32
Q

negative feedback system

A

when release of a hormone inhibits the production of itself

33
Q

humoral stimuli

A

when a change in blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients stimulates hormone release

34
Q

neural stimuli

A

when nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

35
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

when hormones produced by other endocrine glands simulate the release of other hormones

36
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland; connected by infundibulum

37
Q

pituitary gland

A

seated in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; contains two lobes, the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary

38
Q

hypophysis

A

another name for the pituitary gland; means “to grow under”

39
Q

adenohypophysis

A

another name for the anterior pituitary; secretes growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL)

40
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

An unusual arrangement of blood vessels that carries releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion

41
Q

neurohypophysis

A

another name for the posterior pituitary plus the infundibulum; hormone storage area that secretes neurohormones (oxytocin and ADH) made by the hypothalamus

42
Q

gonadotropins

A

hormones that regulate the function of the gonads; FSH and LH

43
Q

FSH

A

stimulates production of gametes (sperm and eggs)

44
Q

LH

A

promotes production of gonadal hormones

45
Q

TSH

A

stimulates normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid gland

46
Q

ACTH

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones

47
Q

PRL

A

stimulates milk production by the breasts

48
Q

GH

A

an anabolic (tissue building) hormone that has both metabolic and growth-promoting actions

49
Q

hypopituitarism

A

-pituitary dwarfism

50
Q

hyperpituitarism

A
  • gigantism

- acromegaly

51
Q

thyroid follicles

A

make up the thyroid gland; follicular cells produce thyroglobulin

52
Q

colloid

A

an amber colored, sticky material in the central cavity of the follicle consisting of thyroglobulin molecules with attached iodine atoms

53
Q

parafollicular cells

A

a population of endocrine glands in the thyroid that produce calcitonin

54
Q

thyroid hormones

A

composed of two iodine containing amine hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

55
Q

parathyroid gland

A

located in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland

56
Q

chief cells

A

cells of the parathyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)

57
Q

oxyphil cells

A

make up the parathyroid gland

58
Q

PTH

A

controls calcium balance in the blood

59
Q

corticosteroids

A

steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

60
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

produced by the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal cortex; regulate electrolyte levels of the extracellular fluid

61
Q

gluocorticoids

A

produced by the zona fasciculata; influence the energy metabolism of most body cells and help us resist stressors

62
Q

sex steroids

A

(gonadocorticoids) produced by the zona reticularis; secretes weak androgens, or male sex hormones

63
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Caused by hypersecretion of ACTH;

64
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Caused by hypersecretion of catecholamines

65
Q

adrenogenital syndrome

A

Caused by hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids

66
Q

Addison disease

A

Major hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex

67
Q

chromaffin cells

A

Modified ganglionic neurons that produce catecholamines

68
Q

catecholamines

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine; reinforce and prolong the fight-or-flight response

69
Q

gonads

A

ovaries and testes; produce steroid sex hormones

70
Q

estrogen

A

maturation of reproductive organs and promotes secondary sexual characteristics at puberty

71
Q

progesterone

A

works with estrogen for breast development and uterine cycle

72
Q

testes

A

male gonads that produce testosterone

73
Q

testosterone

A

maturation and maintenance of male reproductive organs; responsible for sex drive and normal sperm production

A&P II (8 decks)

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