Chapter 17 Blood Flashcards
Plasma
- 55% of blood volume
- Composed of water (90%) & dissolved solutes
- Proteins: albumin
Albumin
- 60% of plasma protein
- Blood buffer
- Shuttles molecules
- Maintains osmotic pressure
Erythrocytes
- Red blood cells
- Biconcave discs
- No nucleus or organelles
- Lots of hemoglobin
Leukocytes
- White blood cells
- Defense against disease
- Diapedesis and amoeboid motion
- Granulocytes and agranulocytes
Platelets
- Cytoplasmic fragments broken off from megakaryocytes
- Regulated by thrombopoietin
- Function in blood clotting
Biconcave
- Shape of erythrocytes
- Responsible for large surface area
Heme
- Pigment of erythrocytes
- Globin binds to heme
Globin
- Protein of erythrocytes
- 2 alpha and 2 beta
- Bind to heme
Hematopoiesis
- Blood cell formation
- Occurs in red bone marrow
- Starts with hematopoietic stem cell (as well as all formed elements)
Hemopoiesis
Same as hematopoiesis
Hemocytoblasts
The stem cell from which all formed elements are derived
Erythropoiesis
- Formation of erythrocytes
- Hemocytoblast –> Myeloid stem cell –> Proerythroblast –> Basophilic erythroblast –> polychromatic erythroblast –> Orthochromatic erythroblast –> Reticulocyte –> Erythrocyte
Anemia
- Low oxygen carrying capacity of blood
- Due to: insufficient number of cells, decreased hemoglobin content, abnormal hemoglobin
Diapedesis
The process by which white blood cells slip out of the capillary blood vessels
Amoeboid motion
The process by which white blood cells move through tissue spaces
Granulocytes
- Have visible granules in cytoplasm
- Neutrophils
- Basophils
- Eiosinophils
Agranulocytes
- Lack visible granules in cytoplasm
- Monocyte
- Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
- Granulocyte
- Most abundant
- Granules hold defensins, which specializes in destroying bacteria
- Nuclei 3-6 lobes
Basophil
- Granulocyte
- Bilobed nucleus
- Release histamine to attract more white blood cells
Eoisinophil
- Granulocyte
- Bilobed nucleus
- Granules hold digestive enzymes (for parasitic worms)
- Allergies and asthma
Lymphocyte
- Agranulocyte
- Large, spherical nucleus
- Most in tissues, few in bloodstream
- T-lymphocytes & B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocyte
- formed in the thymus
- act directly against virus infected cells and tumors
B-lymphocyte
- formed in the bones
- gives rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
Monocyte
- largest WBC
- U shaped nucleus
- macrophage function and activate lymphocytes
Leucopenia
- low WBCs
- from anti-cancer and AIDS drugs
Leukemia
- impair normal bone marrow function
- Acute: fast (from lymphoblasts)
- Chronic: slow (from myelocytes)
Infectious mononucleosis
- viral disease from the Epstein-Barr virus
- no cure
- rarely fatal
Platelets
- large cytoplasmic fragments broken off from megakaryocytes
- regulated by thrombopoietin
- function in blood clotting
Glycoprotein
- Antigens
- Located on the surface of the RBCs
Antigen
- Promote agglutination (clumping)
- Called agglutinogens
Agglutination
-Clumping
Erythroblastosis fetalis
-Occurs in the second child of a Rh+ father and Rh- mother due to hemolysis of blood
Autologous transfusion
- Allows a person to pre-donate blood for surgery
- Avoid transfusion problems and diseases
