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A&P II > Chapter 22 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

-Breathing; the movement of air in and out of the lungs

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2
Q

External respiration

A

-Gas exchange between the blood and air filled chambers of the lungs

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3
Q

Internal respiration

A

-Exchange of gases between blood and tissues

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4
Q

Conducting zone

A
  • Rigid conduits for transport of air to respiratory passages (trachea, larynx, bronchi)
  • Cleanses, humidifies, and warms incoming air
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5
Q

Respiratory zone

A

-Site of gas exchange (bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, microscopic structures)

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6
Q

Vibrissae

A

-nose hairs

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7
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

-contains receptors for the sense of smell

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8
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A
  • pseudostratified columnar epithelia
  • goblet cells: mucous
  • serous cells: enzymes (lysozyme and defensins)
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9
Q

Goblet cells

A

-Mucous

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10
Q

Serous cells

A

-Enzymes (Lysozyme: antibacterial enzyme) (Defensins: Antibiotics that aid in bacterial defense)

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11
Q

Lysozyme

A

-Antibacterial enzyme

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12
Q

Defensins

A

-Antibiotics that aid in bacterial defense

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13
Q

Larynx

A
  • Past the epiglottis

- Also known as the voice box

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14
Q

Glottis

A

-Opening that produces sound by its opening and closing

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15
Q

Trachea

A

-Long, flexible tube that directs air to the bronchi

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16
Q

Bronchi

A

-Main passageway into the lungs

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17
Q

Bronchioles

A

-Passageways by which air passes through the nose or mouth to the alveoli of the lungs

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18
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

-contains a collection of alveoli

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19
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

-tiny ducts that connect the respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs

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20
Q

Type I cells

A

-simple squamous epithelia that secrete angiotensin converting enzyme for blood pressure regulation

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21
Q

Type II cells

A

-cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant

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22
Q

Alveolar pores

A

-allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized if alveolar ducts collapse by disease or damage

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23
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

-dust cells; destroy microorganisms and pathogens

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24
Q

Lungs

A

-Occupy the entire thoracic cavity except the mediastinal septum (around the heart)

25
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

-pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere

26
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure

A

-the pressure within the lungs

27
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

-the pressure within the pleural cavity

28
Q

Boyle’s law

A

-If temperature is constant, the pressure of gas is inversely related to its volume

29
Q

Inspiration

A

-The uptake of air into the lungs (quiet inspiration)

30
Q

Expiration

A
  • Passive process based on the elasticity of lungs

- Ribs relax, lungs recoil, decreasing thoracic and interpulmonary volumes

31
Q

Surfactant

A

-Detergent-like complex of proteins and lipids produced by type II cells

32
Q

Alveolar surface tension

A
  • Molecules more attracted to one another at surfaces than to other types (liquid versus gas) creating tension
  • Lining has sufactant
33
Q

Lung compliance

A

-Lungs distensible: the amount of stretching termed compliance

34
Q

Tidal volume

A

-Air in and out normally (500 mL)

35
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

-Air forced beyond tidal volume (2100-3200 mL)

36
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

-Air forced out of lungs (1200 mL)

37
Q

Residual volume

A

-Air left in lungs, preventing collapse

38
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

-Amount that can be inspired after tidal expiration (sum of tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes)

39
Q

Functional residual volume

A

-Amount of air left in the lungs after tidal expiration (combined inspiratory and expiratory volumes)

40
Q

Vital capacity

A

-The total amount of exchangeable air

41
Q

Total lung capacity

A

-The sum of all capacities

42
Q

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

A

-The total pressure exerted by a mixture is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

43
Q

Henry’s Law

A

-In a mixture of gas, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

44
Q

Ventilation

A

-Movement of air between the environment and the lungs

45
Q

Perfusion

A

-The process of a body delivering blood to a capillary bed

46
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

-Hemoglobin-oxygen combination

47
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

-Reduced hemoglobin

48
Q

Bohr effect

A

-Acidosis (decreases pH) weakens hemoglobin-oxygen bond, accelerating oxygen offloading (shifts the curve to the right)

49
Q

Carbonic acid

A

-Conversion catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase in RBCs

50
Q

Bicarbonate ions

A

-Diffuse from RBCs to plasma

51
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

-Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion to carbonic acid

52
Q

Chloride shift

A

-Chloride ions move from the plasma to RBCs to counterbalance

53
Q

Haldane effect

A
  • the less oxygen in the blood, the more the blood can carry CO2
  • Allows for the formation of more bicarbonate ions
54
Q

COPD

A

-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

55
Q

Asthma

A

-chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways

56
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • infectious disease affecting the lungs

- bacterial infection (mycobacterium tuberculosis)

57
Q

Lung cancer

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma (bronchi epithelia)
  • Adenocarcinoma (peripheral lung areas)
  • Small cell carcinoma (primary bronchi)
58
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

-Bronchial edema, chronic productive cough, bronchospasm

59
Q

Emphysema

A

-Destruction of alveolar walls, lung fibrosis, air trapping

A&P II (8 decks)

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