Chapter 22 Respiratory System

Question 1

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 1

-Breathing; the movement of air in and out of the lungs

Question 2

External respiration

Answer 2

-Gas exchange between the blood and air filled chambers of the lungs

Question 3

Internal respiration

Answer 3

-Exchange of gases between blood and tissues

Question 4

Conducting zone

Answer 4

• Rigid conduits for transport of air to respiratory passages (trachea, larynx, bronchi)
• Cleanses, humidifies, and warms incoming air

Question 5

Respiratory zone

Answer 5

-Site of gas exchange (bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, microscopic structures)

Question 6

Vibrissae

Answer 6

-nose hairs

Question 7

Olfactory mucosa

Answer 7

-contains receptors for the sense of smell

Question 8

Respiratory mucosa

Answer 8

• pseudostratified columnar epithelia
• goblet cells: mucous
• serous cells: enzymes (lysozyme and defensins)

Question 9

Goblet cells

Answer 9

-Mucous

Question 10

Serous cells

Answer 10

-Enzymes (Lysozyme: antibacterial enzyme) (Defensins: Antibiotics that aid in bacterial defense)

Question 11

Lysozyme

Answer 11

-Antibacterial enzyme

Question 12

Defensins

Answer 12

-Antibiotics that aid in bacterial defense

Question 13

Larynx

Answer 13

• Past the epiglottis

- Also known as the voice box

Question 14

Glottis

Answer 14

-Opening that produces sound by its opening and closing

Question 15

Trachea

Answer 15

-Long, flexible tube that directs air to the bronchi

Question 16

Bronchi

Answer 16

-Main passageway into the lungs

Question 17

Bronchioles

Answer 17

-Passageways by which air passes through the nose or mouth to the alveoli of the lungs

Question 18

Alveolar sacs

Answer 18

-contains a collection of alveoli

Question 19

Alveolar ducts

Answer 19

-tiny ducts that connect the respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs

Question 20

Type I cells

Answer 20

-simple squamous epithelia that secrete angiotensin converting enzyme for blood pressure regulation

Question 21

Type II cells

Answer 21

-cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant

Question 22

Alveolar pores

Answer 22

-allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized if alveolar ducts collapse by disease or damage

Question 23

Alveolar macrophages

Answer 23

-dust cells; destroy microorganisms and pathogens

Question 24

Lungs

Answer 24

-Occupy the entire thoracic cavity except the mediastinal septum (around the heart)

Question 25

Atmospheric pressure

Answer 25

-pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere

Question 26

Intrapulmonary pressure

Answer 26

-the pressure within the lungs

Question 27

Intrapleural pressure

Answer 27

-the pressure within the pleural cavity

Question 28

Boyle's law

Answer 28

-If temperature is constant, the pressure of gas is inversely related to its volume

Question 29

Inspiration

Answer 29

-The uptake of air into the lungs (quiet inspiration)

Question 30

Expiration

Answer 30

- Passive process based on the elasticity of lungs | - Ribs relax, lungs recoil, decreasing thoracic and interpulmonary volumes

Question 31

Surfactant

Answer 31

-Detergent-like complex of proteins and lipids produced by type II cells

Question 32

Alveolar surface tension

Answer 32

- Molecules more attracted to one another at surfaces than to other types (liquid versus gas) creating tension - Lining has sufactant

Question 33

Lung compliance

Answer 33

-Lungs distensible: the amount of stretching termed compliance

Question 34

Tidal volume

Answer 34

-Air in and out normally (500 mL)

Question 35

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 35

-Air forced beyond tidal volume (2100-3200 mL)

Question 36

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 36

-Air forced out of lungs (1200 mL)

Question 37

Residual volume

Answer 37

-Air left in lungs, preventing collapse

Question 38

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 38

-Amount that can be inspired after tidal expiration (sum of tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes)

Question 39

Functional residual volume

Answer 39

-Amount of air left in the lungs after tidal expiration (combined inspiratory and expiratory volumes)

Question 40

Vital capacity

Answer 40

-The total amount of exchangeable air

Question 41

Total lung capacity

Answer 41

-The sum of all capacities

Question 42

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

Answer 42

-The total pressure exerted by a mixture is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

Question 43

Henry's Law

Answer 43

-In a mixture of gas, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

Question 44

Ventilation

Answer 44

-Movement of air between the environment and the lungs

Question 45

Perfusion

Answer 45

-The process of a body delivering blood to a capillary bed

Question 46

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 46

-Hemoglobin-oxygen combination

Question 47

Deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 47

-Reduced hemoglobin

Question 48

Bohr effect

Answer 48

-Acidosis (decreases pH) weakens hemoglobin-oxygen bond, accelerating oxygen offloading (shifts the curve to the right)

Question 49

Carbonic acid

Answer 49

-Conversion catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase in RBCs

Question 50

Bicarbonate ions

Answer 50

-Diffuse from RBCs to plasma

Question 51

Carbonic anhydrase

Answer 51

-Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion to carbonic acid

Question 52

Chloride shift

Answer 52

-Chloride ions move from the plasma to RBCs to counterbalance

Question 53

Haldane effect

Answer 53

- the less oxygen in the blood, the more the blood can carry CO2 - Allows for the formation of more bicarbonate ions

Question 54

COPD

Answer 54

-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 55

Asthma

Answer 55

-chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways

Question 56

Tuberculosis

Answer 56

- infectious disease affecting the lungs | - bacterial infection (mycobacterium tuberculosis)

Question 57

Lung cancer

Answer 57

- Squamous cell carcinoma (bronchi epithelia) - Adenocarcinoma (peripheral lung areas) - Small cell carcinoma (primary bronchi)

Question 58

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 58

-Bronchial edema, chronic productive cough, bronchospasm

Question 59

Emphysema

Answer 59

-Destruction of alveolar walls, lung fibrosis, air trapping