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Biology > Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two major domains in prokaryotes?

A

Archaea and bacteria

NOTES
they are both singled cell organisms that do not have a membrane bound organelle,they are source of food for many organisms,they also act as decomposers which helps the environment.

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2
Q

Archaea and bacteria both live in extreme environments but which one lives mostly in extreme environments

A

Archaea

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3
Q

What does the word Archaea mean?

A

Ancient

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4
Q

What is rRNA and what is it used for?

A

All life have rRNA and can be used to make comparisons between different organisms species.

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5
Q

What are the benefits of rRNA changing very slowly overtime?

A

we can use it to track relationships, evolutionary linkages and common ancestors.

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6
Q

Which two share a more common ancestor Bacteria & eukarya or archaea & eukarya?

A

Archaea & Eukarya

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7
Q

Why are archaea and eukaryotes share more common ancestry than bacteria and eukaryotes?

A

Even though Archaea belongs to the same domain as bacteria, their genes resemble Eukaryotes more.

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8
Q

What separates archaea from bacteria

A

Archaea does not have a peptidoglycan.
And their genetics they have introns (portions of DNA transcribed into RNA) like eukaryotes.

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9
Q

Name some archaeal groups

A

Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles

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10
Q

What are Methanogens?

A

An archaea that obtains energy from converting hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide into methane gas.

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11
Q

Where methanogens live?

A

In anaerobic conditions such as cow’s intestines and deep waters, sewers and swamps.

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12
Q

Define anaerobic.

A

Oxygen is absent.

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13
Q

What are halophiles?

A

Salt loving archaea.

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14
Q

Where do halophiles live?

A

In areas with high concentrated salt such as the Dead Sea.

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15
Q

What are thermoacidophiles?

A

Heat and acid loving archaea.

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16
Q

Where do Thermoacidophiles live?

A

In very acidic and high temperature environments.
Such as near volcanoes and black smokers.

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17
Q

What are black smokers?

A

Hydrothermal vents ( cracks in the ocean floor that leak very hot dark colored water.

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18
Q

Name the three shapes most Bacteria come in.

A

Bacilli (rod shaped)
Cocci (spherical shaped)
Spirilla (spiral shaped)

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19
Q

What are streptococci?

A

When cocci occur in chains.

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20
Q

What are staphylococci?

A

When cocci occur in clusters.

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21
Q

What is gram stain?

A

Grouping bacteria into two groups based on the structure of their cell wall.

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22
Q

What are the two groups in gram stain?

A

Gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria.

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23
Q

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative?

A

Gram positive has a thick peptidoglycan gram negative has a thin peptidoglycan and gram negative has an outer membrane containing lipopollysacharides surrounding the cell.

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24
Q

How do prokaryotes use transformation?

A

Prokaryotes pick up genes from DNA in the environment by transformation.

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25
Q

Name four gram negative bacterias

A

Proteobacteria
Cyanobacteria
Chlamydia
Spirochete

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26
Q

What is a proteobacteria?

A

A nitrogen fixing bacteria which is also gram negative.

27
Q

What is a disease caused by proteobacteria?

A

Agrobacterium which causes tumors in plants.

28
Q

What is a Cyanobacteria?

A

A gram negative bacteria that uses photosynthesis to get energy from the sun which means they produce oxygen.

29
Q

What is believed to be the first oxygen producing organism and a contributor to adding oxygen when the atmosphere was thin.

A

Cyanobacteria

30
Q

_____ offer a large amount of food for marine life.

A

Cyanobacteria

31
Q

Give an example of Proteobacteria.

A

E. coli.

32
Q

Give an example of Cyanobacteria.

A

Anabaena.

33
Q

What are spirochetes?

A

Spiral shaped gram negative bacteria.
Comes in both aerobic and anaerobic.

34
Q

How do spirochetes move?

A

In a corkscrew-like motion.

35
Q

There is a strain of spirochetes that causes the _____ disease

A

Lyme

36
Q

Give an example of spirochetes

A

Syphilis

37
Q

What is a chlamydia?

A

A bacteria with no peptidoglycan, they live in animal cells for protection and nutrients.
It is also an STI.

38
Q

Give examples of gram positive bacteria.

A

Actinomycetes
Botulinum

39
Q

What is the importance of cell wall in Bacteria and archaea?

A

It provides shape and protection and can also add to their disease causing abilities (bacteria)

40
Q

What are archaeal cells made of?

A

Psuedomurein

41
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Prokaryotes that Cannot live where O2 is present.

42
Q

Give an example of obligate anaerobes.

A

Tetani which causes tetanus (nerve damage)

43
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Prokaryotes that can live with or without CO2.

44
Q

Give an example of facultative anaerobes.

A

E. Coli which infects the gut.

45
Q

What are I obligate aerobes?

A

Prokaryotes that cannot live without O2.

46
Q

Give an example of obligate aerobes.

A

M. Tuberculosis which causes lung disease. (TB)

47
Q

An important finding that has improved genetic research is the use of _____ found in thermophiles.

A

Taq polymerase.

48
Q

Where are Taq polymerase found?

A

In thermophiles.

49
Q

Prokaryotes usually reproduce by ____.

A

Binary fission.

50
Q

Name the three methods of prokaryotic recombination.

A

1) Transformation
2) Conjugation
3) Transduction

51
Q

What is transformation?

A

Taking DNA from outside environment.

52
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Two prokaryotes binding together, and one transfer DNA by a structure called a sex pilus.

53
Q

What is transduction.

A

A virus takes a copy of prokaryotic DNA within it and when it leads it can transfer that DNA.

54
Q

What is the scientific study of disease called?

A

Pathology.

55
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment.

56
Q

What are Endotoxins?

A

Toxic substances (made of lipids and carbohydrates associated with the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria) only released when they die.

57
Q

What is penicillin?

A

An antibiotic that blocks the ability to build new cell wall material.

58
Q

What is Tetracycline?

A

An antibiotic that blocks protein synthesis.

59
Q

How are antibiotics made?

A

By fungi and bacteria.

60
Q

Why do antibiotics work?

A

They kill their own kind to prevent competition for recourses.

61
Q

What are antibiotics that kill more than one type of organism called?

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics.

62
Q

How can antibiotic resistance happen?

A

-Over prescription of antibiotics.
-Patients not finishing the entire antibiotic course.

63
Q

What are heat loving bacteria called?

A

Thermophiles.

64
Q

What is bioremediation.

A

A process in which bacteria is used in recycling.

Biology (11 decks)

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