Chapter 22 Review Sheet Flashcards
Geocentric Theory
The Geocentric Theory is that the EARTH is the CENTER of the UNIVERSE. The church taught this - as did Aristotle.
Scientific Revolutions
began in the 1500s. Change in European thought; careful OBSERVATION.
Heliocentric Theory
Earth and other planets revolve around the sun
Scientific Method
The Scientific Method was a LOGICAL PROCEDURE used for gathering data and TESTING IDEAS.
Enlightenment
Stressed REASON & THOUGHT and power of individuals to SOLVE PROBLEMS.
Social Contract
Agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights and liberties. Creates an organized society / government
Philosophes
One of a group of social thinkers (France) during enlightenment.
Salon
Social gatherings where philosophers, writers, artists, scientists and other intellects gathered to discuss ideas.
Baroque
Style of art with grand ornate designs
Neoclassical
classical art influenced by greeks / romans; simple elegant style
Enlightened Despot
One of the 18th century European monarchs who was inspired by enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect rights of subject.
Copernicus
Copernicus proposed the HELIOCENTRIC theory.
“On Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies” - He published his results late in his life because he was afraid of persecution from the church.
Kepler
Kepler was a MATHEMATICIAN who proved an ELLIPTICAL rotation of planets AROUND THE SUN.
** “Laws of Planetary Motion” **
Galileo
Galileo was an Italian SCIENTIST. He built a TELESCOPE and PROVED HELIOCENTRIC theory using observation. He was PERSECUTED by the church.
** “Starry Messenger” **
Sir Isaac Newton
Newton was an English SCIENTIST / LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION. It stated that all objects affect each other. (The universe is like a giant clock.)
** “Principles of Natural Philosophy” **
Sir Francis Bacon
(1600s) - Bacon was an English STATESMAN and WRITER who LOVED SCIENCE. He urged scientists to USE THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD and not rely on old methods.
Descartes
Linked geometry and algebra with logic
Thomas Hobbes
believed all humans were naturally selfish and wicked. He gave up rights to a strong ruler
John Locke
English POLITICAL THINKER. He believed that the GOVERNMENT exists to PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS. He believed people can improve and should govern themselves.
Voltaire
He believed in FREEDOM OF RELIGION & SPEECH. He was jailed for his comments.
Montesquieu
French POLITICAL THINKER. He believed in the SEPARATION OF STATE POWERS and CHECKS & BALANCES. His ideas were used widely in the Declaration of Independence.
Rousseau
French social thinker. He believed in INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM and thought that the NOBILITY should be abolished. He wrote “The Social Contract”.
Wollstonecraft
English FEMALE SOCIAL THINKER. She believed and advocated for WOMEN’s RIGHTS. She wrote “The Vindication of the Rights of a Woman”
Denis Diderot
created the encyclopedia
Fredrick the Great
Prussian King He was committed to REFORM
Joseph II
Austria / Holy Roman Empire = legal reforms / abolished serfdom
Catherine the Great
Russian ruler from 1762 to 1796. She was an ENLIGHTENED DESPOT - an absolute ruler. Port on Black Sea; expanded Russian territories
The role of the Renaissance and Reformation in the beginnings of the Scientific Revolution
The Renaissance and Reformation INTRODUCED the idea of being CURIOUS and QUESTIONING OLD IDEAS. Humanism (improving ones self) and debating were part of the Renaissance.
Importance of the printing press to the Scientific Revolution
The printing press was important to the Scientific Revolution because it allowed ideas to be spread so much more quickly. Instead of relying on word of mouth, printed materials could be distributed.
Differences between the geocentric and heliocentric theories
+++ Geo-centric means that the EARTH is in the CENTER. The rotation of SUN & PLANETS is in a perfect CIRCLE.
+++ Helio-centric means that the SUN is in the CENTER. The rotation of the EARTH & planets is in an ELLIPSE (oval).
Galileo’s findings and punishment by the Catholic Church
Galileo was an Italian scientist who made discoveries about the ROUGH SURFACE OF PLANETS, supported HELIOCENTRIC theory, and INVENTED the FIRST TELESCOPE.
++ He was one of the first to share his work publicly.
+++Church attacked his findings FEARING it would WEAKEN FAITH of believers.
+++ Pope forced him to SAY HIS FINDINGS WERE FALSE.
Importance of new instruments like the microscope and telescope
Scientists discovered the MICROSCOPE, BAROMETER, and THERMOMETER. These instruments allowed scientists to make better (more accurate) observations and NEW DISCOVERIES.
+++ Knowledge of HUMAN ANATOMY and the first VACCINATION came about.
Concept of applying reason and logic to the enlightenment (Gov’t, society, etc)
Power of individuals to solve problems; Age of reason
Hobbes & Locke: (Social Contract vs. Natural Rights)
- Hobbes (social contract) all humans basically selfish and wicked; need governments to keep order. People had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler= gained law and order. social contract = where people create a government / impose order and demand obedience
- Locke more positive view of humans; people learn from experience and improve themselves. Have natural ability to govern their own affairs /all people are born free and equal with 3 natural rights ( life / liberty / property); purpose of the government is to protect these rights
The 5 core concepts of the Enlightenment philosophes.
5 Concepts that formed the core beliefs of the philosopher beliefs.
- Reason - you can arrive at truth through logic thinking and process
- Liberty - freedom of speech, religion
- Happiness - search for happiness in this life not the hereafter
- Nature - what is natural is good
- Progress - we can do better with society (gov’t, social issues)
Basic ideas of Montisquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau
Rousseau - The Social Contract
-He believed in INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM and thought that the NOBILITY should be ABOLISHED.
Montesquieu - Spirit of Laws
- He believed in the SEPARATION OF STATE POWERS and CHECKS & BALANCES.
Voltaire - Freedom of Speech
-He believed in FREEDOM OF RELIGION & SPEECH. He was jailed for his comments.
Wollstonecraft’s new view of women, women’s rights.
Wollstonecraft’s views could be viewed as the beginning of the women’s rights movement. She encouraged women to enter male-dominated fields like medicine and politics. She said that women needed an education to be virtuous and useful.
Legacy of the Enlightenment (progress, secularism, importance of individual)
There are 3 main lasting effects of the Enlightenment on society.
1) Progress - HUMAN REASON can SOLVE PROBLEMS.
2) Secular (non-religious) outlook
3) Individualism - Use your own reason, not what your tradition says, to judge right and wrong. MADE A DIFFERENCE.
Importance of Diderot’s Encyclopedia
Diderot created a large set of articles and essays called the Encyclopedia beginning in 1751. Works from many of the leading scholars were published for review in the volumes. Church censors banned the book saying that it fostered corruption & unbelief. This did not stop the book from being published.
Difference between Baroque and Neoclassical styles.
Baroque style was pre-Enlightment - it was ORNATE (almost gaudy).
Neoclassical style was during the Enlightment and it was more simple and elegant - borrowing from classical Greek & Roman.
Enlightened despots (who, where, what)
monarchs that embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment spirit. “Absolute ruler”
-supported philosophers ideas but they also had no intention of giving up power (2) desires: wanted to make their countries stronger and their own rule more effective
Influences of the Enlightenment of the American Revolution/government.
colonial leaders decided to break away from their ruling country and find an independent republic.
Why was the Catholic Church so resistant to the ideas of the Scientific Revolution. Why did they feel threatened, and what steps did they take to combat it? Finally, how successful were they in their efforts
- question authority and traditions
- if proven wrong, you could lose credibility
- most knowledge up to that point came from the Bible
- question Bible, question God.
- could weaken peoples faith
What is the concept of “Enlightened Despotism”? Who were the enlightened despots of Europe? Pick one as an example and describe how she/he used Enlightenment principles to govern their country.
Frederick the Great (Prussia)
- religious freedoms abolished use of torture
- reduced censorship “first servant of the state”
- improved education -serve /strengthen country
Joseph II (Austria /Holy Roman Empire)
- freedom of the press
- freedom of worship
- abolished serfdom
