Chapter 22: Ethics and Values (IRAT/GRAT #4)

Question 1

Autonomy

Answer 1

(Self) Freedom from external control.

The commitment to include patients in decision about all aspects of care.

Question 2

Beneficence

Answer 2

(Benefit) Positive actions to help others.

The best interest of the patient remain more important than self interest.

Question 3

Nonmaleficence

Answer 3

Do no harm.

the will to do good with the equal commitment to do no harm.

Question 4

Justice

Answer 4

(Fairness) Most often used in discussions about access to health care resources including distribution of resources.

Question 5

Fidelity

Answer 5

The duty to keep promises.
Follow through on actions.
Do what you say you are going to do.

Question 6

Code of Ethics

Answer 6

a set of guiding principles that all members of a profession accept.
basic principles of responsibility, accountability, advocacy and confidentiality remain constant.

Question 7

ANA Code of Ethics for Nursing: Provision I

Answer 7

A nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems

Question 8

Advocacy

Answer 8

Supporting the rights, health and safety of the patient including their right to privacy.

Question 9

Responsiblity

Answer 9

Willingness to respect obligations and to follow through on promises.
Nurses are responsible for their actions and the actions of those to whom tasks are delegated.

Question 10

Accountability

Answer 10

The ability to answer for one’s own actions.

Ensure your actions are explainable to both your patient and your employer.

Question 11

Confidentiality

Answer 11

the protection of the privacy of the patient.

upholding the HIPAA law.

Question 12

Becoming friends with a patient comes with risks of

Answer 12

clouding nurses ability to remain objective in your clinical perceptions

Question 13

Value

Answer 13

A personal belief about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom, or object that sets standards that influence behavior.
Your effort to resolve differing opinions and maintain your cultural competence becomes the hallmark of your commitment to ethical practice.

Question 14

Values Clarification

Answer 14

To resolve ethical dilemmas one needs to distinguish among value, fact and opinion.
Identifying values as something separate from facts can help you find tolerance for others.

Question 15

Deontology

Answer 15

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). “Duty” or “Obligation”. Rules “bind” you to your duty. Defines actions as “right or wrong”. 
Does not look at consequences of actions. Principle regardless of outcome.

Question 16

Utilitarianism

Answer 16

(Consequentialism)The value of something is determined by its usefulness.
Main emphasis is on the outcome of an action.

Question 17

Guiding principle for utilitarianism

Answer 17

“the greatest good for the greatest amount of people”

Question 18

Feminist Ethics

Answer 18

Guides participants in making difficult decisions, especially relationships in which power is unequal or where a point of view has become ignored or invisible.

Question 19

Ethics of Care

Answer 19

Closely related to feminist ethics.

Emphasizes the role of feelings and relationships.

Question 20

Casuistry

Answer 20

focuses on finding consensus more than an appeal to philosophical principle.
Collective wisdom guides a group to the best possible decision.
Atypical from conventional principles of ethics.

Question 21

Casuistry promotes

Answer 21

respect and agreement rather than particular philosophy or moral system itself

Question 22

Resolution of conflicting opinions works best when:

Answer 22

Presumption of good will on the part of all participants
Strict adherence to confidentiality
Patient-centered decision making
Welcome participation of families and primary caregivers.

Question 23

One of the following may indicate an ethical problem exists:

Answer 23

1. You are unable to resolve it solely through a review of scientific data.
2. It is perplexing. You cannot easily think logically or make a decision about the problem.
3. The answer to the problem will have a profound relevance for areas of human concern.

Question 24

Key steps in the resolution of an ethical dilemma

Answer 24

1. Is the situation an ethical dilemma?
2. Gather information.
3. Examine and determine your values about the issue.
4. Verbalize the problem. Agree to a statement about the problem.
5. Consider possible courses of action.
6. Negotiate the outcome. Consider all points of view. Attempt to arrive at consensus.
7. Evaluate the action.

Question 25

Quality of Life

Answer 25

the values and benefits of certain medical interventions

patients must weigh medical benefits against quality of life

Question 26

A personal decision is affected by

Answer 26

age
LOC
cognition
ability to live independently
the level of pain or disability
ability to contribute to society in a meaningful way

Question 27

Genetic Screening

Answer 27

Alerts clients to a condition that is not yet evident but that is certain/likely to develop in the future.

Question 28

Disabilities

Answer 28

The population of disabled people in the US has reshaped the discussion about quality of life.
National movement to respect the abilities regardless of functional status.

Question 29

Children with disabilities many times

Answer 29

“mainstreamed” in public schools.

Question 30

Care at the end of life

Answer 30

predictions about health outcomes not always accurate. When is an intervention futile?

Question 31

Moral distress

Answer 31

difficult, emotional and spiritual challenges at the end of life

Question 32

Nurses must deal with ethical issues related to access to care:

Answer 32

Can your pt afford to fill a Rx?
Do you advocate for a delay in discharge?
Do you have time to find financial resources to subsidize Rx costs?