chapter 2.2

Question 1

fertilization

Answer 1

the process by which a sperm and an ovum - the male and female gametes, respectively - join to form a single new cell

Question 2

conception

Answer 2

the joining of sperm and ovum to create the single celled zygote from which all of us began our lives

Question 3

prenatal period

Answer 3

the germinal, embryonic and fetal stages

Question 4

germinal stage

Answer 4

the first and shortest stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first two weeks following conception
-zygote divides and grows and implants on uterus wall.
0methodical cell division: three days after fertilization the organism consists of 32 cells and doubles the next day

Question 5

placenta

Answer 5

a conduit b/w the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen by the umbilical cord

Question 6

embryonic stage

Answer 6

the period from 2-8 weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems

• child is an embryo
• ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm present

Question 7

ectoderm

Answer 7

skin hair teeth sense organs and brain and spinal cord

Question 8

endoderm

Answer 8

inner layer, produces the digestive system, liver, pancreas and respiratory system

Question 9

mesoderm

Answer 9

the muscles, bones, blood and circulatory system are forged

Question 10

fetal stage

Answer 10

the stage that begins at about eight weeks after conception and continues until birth

• major organs differentiated
• now called a fetus

Question 11

fetus

Answer 11

a developing child, from eight weeks after conception until birth

Question 12

REM sleep is important for

Answer 12

brain development

Question 13

fetal origins theory

Answer 13

framework for understanding adult outcomes in health, the basic idea of which is that the uterine environment programs the genes to prepare for a certain type of environment

Question 14

infertility

Answer 14

the inability to conceive after 12-18 months of trying to become pregnant
-correlated with age

Question 15

artificial insemination

Answer 15

a process of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s reproductive tract by a physician

Question 16

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 16

a procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries and fertilized with a man’s sperm in a laboratory

Question 17

miscarriage

Answer 17

spontaneous abortion - occurs when the embryo detaches from the wall of the uterus and is expelled before the child can survive outside the womb

Question 18

abortion

Answer 18

mother chooses to terminate the pregnancy

Question 19

teratogen

Answer 19

a factor that produces a birth defect
-the brain is most susceptible to structural damage 15-25 days after conception, the heart is most vulnerable 20-40 days after conception

Question 20

Mothers diet

Answer 20

high nutrient diets- fewer complications, easier labour, generally healthier baby

Question 21

supplementation of folic acid and iodine

Answer 21

• beneficial effects on fetal brain development

- excessively high can lead to anxiety and hyperactivity in children

Question 22

mothers age

Answer 22

• women over 35 are at greater risk for a variety of complications (premature, low birth weight bc of the decline of the condition of their eggs)
• by 42, 90% of eggs not normal (1 in 100 with down syndrome)
• 50 (1 in 4 with DS)

Question 23

rubella and pregnancy

Answer 23

before 11th week of pregnancy can cause blindness, deafness, heart defects, or brain damage in the baby,

Question 24

chicken poz

Answer 24

create birth defects

Question 25

mumps

Answer 25

can increase the risk of miscarriage

Question 26

syphilis

Answer 26

transmitted directly to fetus, who will be born with the disease

Question 27

gonorrhea

Answer 27

communicated to the child as it passes through the birth canal to be born

Question 28

AIDS

Answer 28

infected or carriers can pass it on to their fetuses through the blood that reaches the placenta.

Question 29

aspirin

Answer 29

can lead to fetal bleeding and growth impairments

Question 30

DES

Answer 30

-prevent miscarriage, however daughters had higher chance of vaginal or cervical cancer and had pregnancy difficulties , sons had higher reproductive difficulties

Question 31

birth control or fertility pills

Answer 31

taken by pregnant women relate to sex differentiation in the fetus and gender differences after birth, cause significant damage to developing brain structures

Question 32

marijuana

Answer 32

restrict oxygen that reaches the fetus, children- learning and memory deficits
infants- irritable, nervous and easily disturbed

Question 33

cocaine

Answer 33

crack babies
-restricts the arteries that lead to the fetus, significantly reducing the flow of blood and oxygen and increasing the risk of birth defects, disabilities and fetal death

Question 34

fetal alcohol syndrom

Answer 34

a disorder caused by the pregnant mother’s consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in intellectual impairment and delayed growth in the child

Question 35

fetal alcohol effects

Answer 35

a condition in which children display some, although not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

Question 36

Children who do not have FAE can still be affected

Answer 36

-maternal consumption of just two alcoholic drinks a day during pregnancy is associated with lower intelligence in their offspring at age seven, an small quantities of alcohol taken during pregnancy can have adverse effects on children’s future behaviour and psychological functions

Question 37

smoking

Answer 37

• reduces the oxygen and increases the carbon monoxide of mothers blood
• toxins in cigarettes slow the respiration rate of the fetus and speed up its heart
• increased possibility of miscarriage and a higher likelihood of death during infancy
• subtle brain damage to late behaviours and cognitive problems

Question 38

fathers to be should

Answer 38

-avoid smoking because second hand smoke might affect the health of the mother and her unborn child- the more the father smokes the lower the birth weight of the baby

Question 39

father- drugs and alcohol

Answer 39

-impairs sperm and can lead to chromosomal damage, which can affect the fetus at conception and cause stress in mother

Question 40

father and physically of emotional abusive

Answer 40

-increase maternal stress or causing actual physical damage