2.3 Flashcards
neonates
newborns
corticotropin-releasing hormone
266 days conception, triggers the release of various hormones and the process that leads to birth begins
oxytocin
-from mothers pituitary gland, when the concentration becomes high enough, the uterus begins periodic contractions
prenatal period
the uterus slowly expands as the fetus grows
braxton-hicks contractions
after fourth month it occasionally contracts to ready itself for labour
1st stage of labour
uterine contractions initially occur around every 8-10 min and last 30 sec
- contractions begin to occur every 2 min and last 2 min
- eventually reach greatest intensity in the transition period
- the mothers cervix opens fully (10 cm)
- this stage the longest, depends on mothers age, ethnicities, # of pregnancies
- first child is 16-24 hours
second stage of labour
- lasts 90 minutes
- head proceeds further with each contraction, increasing the size of the vaginal opening
- stage ends when child has left mothers body
episiotomy
an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass
third stage of labour
- the Childs umbilical cord and the placenta are expelled from the mother
- fastest stage
apgar scale
a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns receive a score from 0-2 on each for an overall score of 10 most score 7 -appearance (colour) -pulse (heart rate) -grimace (reflex irritability) -activity (muscle tone) -respiration (respiratory effort)
anoxia
a restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, that can produce brain damage
vernix
thick, greasy substance (cottage cheese) that covers the newborn and smoothes the passage through the birth canal
lanugo
a fine dark fuzz covers the newborn’s body and will disappear later
bonding
the close physical and emotional contact between parent and child during the period immediately following birth, argued by some to affect later relationship strength
imprint
a critical period just after birth when organisms had a unique readiness to learn or imprint from members of their species who happened to be present
-critical period may be months, not hours
touch
newborns need touch soon after birth to stimulate the production of chemicals in the brain that initiate growth
skin to skin contact
promotes lactation in the mother,
promotes growth in premature infants,
improves sleep,
promotes social development in the first three months
obstetricians
physicians who specialize in delivering babies, have been the childbirth attendants of choice
midwife
nurses specializing in childbirth are used primarily for pregnancies with no expected complications
doula
provides emotional, psychological and educational support during birth. provide the mother with support and suggest consideration of birthing alternatives , older women serves as birthing assistants and guides
-speed deliveries and reduce reliance on drugs (must be certified)
epidural anaesthesia
produces numbness from the waist down
traditional form immobilize women and can prevent them from helping to push the baby
walking epidural or dual spinal epidural
uses smaller needles and administers doses continuously. This permits women to move more freely and has fewer side effects.
pain reduction drugs and fetus
reaches the fetus and the stronger the drug the greater its effects on the fetus and neonate.
-may temporarily depress the flow of oxygen to the fetus and slow labour and are less physiologically responsive, show poorer motor control during the first days after birth, cry more and may have more difficulty breastfeeding, because of the size difference, doses that might have a minimal effect on the mother can have a magnified effect on the fetus
hospital stay
2 day average, newborns readmitted to hospital most often for jaundice or dehydration
strategies for labour
- be flexible
- communicate with your health care providers
- remember that labour is laborious
- accept your partners support
- accept your partners support
- be realistic and honest about your reactions to pain
- focus on the big picture
preterm infants
infants who are born prior to 37 weeks gestations
-high risk for illness or death
low birth weight infants
infants who weigh less than 2500 grams (average 3500)
small for gestational age infants
infants who, because of delayed fetal growth, weight 90 percent (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age
respiratory distress syndrome
premature and low birth weights - they are highly vulnerable to infection because lungs not fully developed
very low birth weight infants
infants who weigh less than 1250 grams around 2.25 pounds or who regardless of weight have been in the womb less than 30 weeks
age of viability
the point at which an infant can survive prematurely to about 22 weeks
postmature babies
infants still unborn two weeks after the mothers due date
caesarean delivery
a birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus, rather than travelling through the birth canaL
breech position
feet first in the birth canal
transverse position births
the baby lies crosswise in the uterus
placenta previa
the placenta has grown partially or completely over the cervical opening
fetal monitors
a device that measures the baby’s heartbeat during labour
stillbirth
the delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in fewer than 1 in 100 deliveries
infant mortality
death within the first year of life
post partum depression
a period of deep depression following the birth of a child affects some 10 percent of new mothers, deep sadness may last months to years
infanticide
mother wilfully killing her newborn while suffering mental disturbance related to childbirth and homicide
reflexes
unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
sucking and swallowing reflex
ingest food
rooting reflex
turning in the direction of a stimulus
meconium
a greenish black substance that is a remnant of the neonates days as a fetus
neonatal jaundice
most prevalent in preterm and low weight neonates and is typically not dangerous, treatment is fluorescent lights of medicine
seeing
both sensory reaction to stimulation and an interpretations of that stimulation (sensation vs perception)
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that would not normally cause that type of response , pavlov and watson
operant conditioning
a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences
habituation
the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus , new stimulus produce an orienting response
orienting response
quiet and attentive and experience a slowed heart rate as they take in the novel stimulus
states of arousal
different degrees of sleep and wakefulness through which newborns cycle, ranging from deep sleep to great agitations
