7.1

Question 1

senescence 

Answer 1

the natural physical decline brought about by increasing age, has begun, age-related changes are not usually obvious until later in life. At the same time, some growth continues; for example, some people, particularly late maturers, continue to gain height in their early twenties.

Question 2

stress 

Answer 2

the physical and emotional response to events that threaten or challenge us

Question 3

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

Answer 3

the study of the relationship between the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors

Question 4

primary appraisal 

Answer 4

the assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral

Question 5

secondary appraisal

Answer 5

the assessment of whether one’s coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor

Question 6

psychosomatic disorder

Answer 6

medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties. For instance, ulcers, asthma, arthritis, and high blood pressure can sometimes be produced by stress

Question 7

coping 

Answer 7

the effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress

Question 8

problem-focused coping

Answer 8

managing a threatening situation by directly changing it to make it less stressful.

Question 9

emotion-focused coping

Answer 9

the conscious regulation of emotion

Question 10

defensive coping 

Answer 10

coping that involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation

Question 11

emotional insulation

Answer 11

through which people unconsciously try to block emotions and thereby avoid pain.

Question 12

hardiness 

Answer 12

a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness