Chapter 21.1 and 21.2 - Immune system Flashcards
What is the innate immune system?
The non-specific defense system, congenital
What is the dapative immunity?
The specific defense system
What is the first line of defense?
External body membranes as the skin
What is the second line of defense?
Antimocrobial proteins, phagocytes and other cells
hat is the third line of defense?
Attacks particular/identifies foreign substances
Which two lines belong to the innate system?
First and second line
What is the connection between the innate and adaptive system?
Innate responses release proteins that alerts cells of adaptive system to foreign molecules
Out which two defenses does the adaptive immune system exist?
The humoral immunity, B cells and the cellular immunity, T cells
What is mucous membrane?
The inner lining of the most recognizable organs
What is the function of keratin in the innate immunity?
it is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins
What is the function of acidity in the immune system?
It secretes inhibits growth
What is the function of enzymes in the immune system?
It kills many microorganisms
What is mucin?
A sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps microorganisms,
What is teh function of defensins?
Antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth
What can other chemicals do in the innate imunity?
They are toxic in some bacteria
What in the respiratory system can stop pathogens?
Mucus coated hairs in the nose
Cilia sweep dust- and bacteria-laden mucus toward mouth
What belongs to the second line of defense?
Phagocytes, Natural killer cells, inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins, fever
What are the two parts of innate defense?
Surface barriers and internal defenses
What are pattern recognition receptors?
They recognize and bind tightly yo structures on microbes, disarming them before they do harm
What are toll-like receptors?
They play a central role in triggering the immune responses. Allows the cells to recognize invaders and sound the chemical ‘alarm’ that initiates inflammation
What are fixed macrophages?
They develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytes and are permanent residents of some organs
When starts phagocytosis?
When phagocyte recognizes and adheres to pathogen’s carbohydrate “signature”
What are opsonins?
Antibodies or complement proteins that coat pathogens
What is step two of phagocytosis?
Cytoplasmic extensions bind to and engulf particle in vesicle calles phagosome
What is the third step of phagocytose?
A phagosome fuses with lysosome, forming phagolysosome
hat is step four of phagocytosis?
Phagolysosome is acidfied, and lysosomal enzymes digest particles
What is step five of phagocytosis?
Indigestible and residual waste is exocytosed from phagocyte
What happens if pathogens are not killed with acidified lysosomal enzymes?
Helper T cells trigger macrophage to produce respiratory burst which kills pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes by:
- releasing cell-killing free radicals
- producing oxidizing chemicals
- increasing pH and osmolarity of phagolysosome
Which cells attack natural killer cells?
Cells that lack “seld” cellsurface receptors (class I MHC)
How do natural killer cells kill cancer cells?
By inducing apoptosis
When is inflammation triggered?
Whenever body tissues are injured?
What are the benefits of inflammtion?
Prevents spread of damaging agents
disposes of cell debris and pathogens
alerst adaptive immune system
stets the stage for repair: without no tissue repair
