Chapter 17.1 and 17.2 part 2 Flashcards
Where does the balance between RBC production and destruction depends on?
Hormonal controls (EPO) or dietary requirements
What occurs with too few RBCs?
Tissue hypoxia
What occurs with too many RBCs?
increase blood viscosity
What is the use of EPO?
Increase hematocrit which increases stamina (weerstand)
Dangerous consequences EPO?
dehydration, blood becomes sludgy and causes clotting, stroke or heart failure
What is the first step of the life cycle of red blood cells?
Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythrpoietin
What is the second step of the life cycle of red blood cells?
Erythropoietin levels rise in blood
What is the third step of the life cycle of red blood cells?
Erythropoietin and necessary
raw materials in blood promote
erythropoiesis in red bone marrow
What is the fourth step of the life cycle of red blood cells?
New erythrocytes
enter bloodstream;
function about 120 days
What is the fifth step of the life cycle of red blood cells?
Aged and damaged red
blood cells are engulfed by
macrophages of liver,
spleen, and bone
marrow; the
hemoglobin is
broken down
What is the sixth step of the life cycle of red blood cells?
Raw materials are
made available in blood
for erythrocyte synthesis
What are characteristics of leukocytes?
- Can leave capillaries via diapedesis
- Move through tissue spaces by amoeboid motion and positive chemotaxis
What is the order of formed elements in a tube
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
What does the leukocyte layer exist of?
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
What are three types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinephils and basophils
What are specifications of neutrophils?
- Stain with acid and basic dyes
- Contain hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins, defensins
- very phagocytic: kill microbes by process called respiratory burst
- Defensin granules merge with phagosome
What is another name for neutrophils?
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or polys)
How do eosinophils look like?
The nucleus has two lobes connected by a broad band
What is the function of eosinophils?
They contain digestive enzymes and play a role in allergies and asthma
How do basophils look like?
the nucleus is deep purple with one or two constrictions
What does histamine in a basophil?
it’s an infammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites
What kind of agranulocytes are there?
Lymphocytes and monocytes
How does a lymphocyte look like?
Large, dark purple, circular nuclei with thin rim of blue cytoplasm
Where are lymphocytes found?
Mostly in lymphoid tissue
What do T lymphocytes do
Act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells
What do B lymphocytes do?
Give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
How do monocytes look like?
Kidney-shaped nuclei with pale blue cytoplasm
What is the function of monocytes?
- Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
- leave circulation, enter tissues and differentiate into macrophages
What is leukopoiesis?
The production of WBCs
Which two types of chemical messengers stimulate leukopoiesis?
interleukins (IL-3,IL-5) and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
What two pathways for leukocytes from hemocytoblasts are there?
Lymphoid stems cells and myeloid stem cells
WHat do lymphoid stem cells produce?
lymphocytes
What do myeloid stem cells produce?
all other elements
What is wrong if there is leukopenia?
Abnormally low WBC count
What is the problem with leukemias?
Cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBCs
What is the difference between acute and chronic leukemias?
Acute derives from stem cells and chronic involves proliferation of later cell stages
What kind of disease is infectious mononucleosis?
A highly contagious viral disease, “kissing disease” caused by Epstein-Barr virus
What is the effect of infectious mononucleosis?
It results in high numbers if typical agranulocytes
