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CMI > Chapter 17.1 and 17.2 part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 17.1 and 17.2 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the balance between RBC production and destruction depends on?

A

Hormonal controls (EPO) or dietary requirements

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2
Q

What occurs with too few RBCs?

A

Tissue hypoxia

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3
Q

What occurs with too many RBCs?

A

increase blood viscosity

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4
Q

What is the use of EPO?

A

Increase hematocrit which increases stamina (weerstand)

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5
Q

Dangerous consequences EPO?

A

dehydration, blood becomes sludgy and causes clotting, stroke or heart failure

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6
Q

What is the first step of the life cycle of red blood cells?

A

Low O2 levels in blood stimulate kidneys to produce erythrpoietin

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7
Q

What is the second step of the life cycle of red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin levels rise in blood

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8
Q

What is the third step of the life cycle of red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin and necessary
raw materials in blood promote
erythropoiesis in red bone marrow

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9
Q

What is the fourth step of the life cycle of red blood cells?

A

New erythrocytes
enter bloodstream;
function about 120 days

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10
Q

What is the fifth step of the life cycle of red blood cells?

A

Aged and damaged red
blood cells are engulfed by
macrophages of liver,
spleen, and bone
marrow; the
hemoglobin is
broken down

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11
Q

What is the sixth step of the life cycle of red blood cells?

A

Raw materials are
made available in blood
for erythrocyte synthesis

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12
Q

What are characteristics of leukocytes?

A
  • Can leave capillaries via diapedesis
  • Move through tissue spaces by amoeboid motion and positive chemotaxis
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13
Q

What is the order of formed elements in a tube

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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14
Q

What does the leukocyte layer exist of?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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15
Q

What are three types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinephils and basophils

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16
Q

What are specifications of neutrophils?

A
  • Stain with acid and basic dyes
  • Contain hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins, defensins
  • very phagocytic: kill microbes by process called respiratory burst
  • Defensin granules merge with phagosome
17
Q

What is another name for neutrophils?

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs or polys)

18
Q

How do eosinophils look like?

A

The nucleus has two lobes connected by a broad band

19
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

They contain digestive enzymes and play a role in allergies and asthma

20
Q

How do basophils look like?

A

the nucleus is deep purple with one or two constrictions

21
Q

What does histamine in a basophil?

A

it’s an infammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites

22
Q

What kind of agranulocytes are there?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

23
Q

How does a lymphocyte look like?

A

Large, dark purple, circular nuclei with thin rim of blue cytoplasm

24
Q

Where are lymphocytes found?

A

Mostly in lymphoid tissue

25
Q

What do T lymphocytes do

A

Act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells

26
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

Give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

27
Q

How do monocytes look like?

A

Kidney-shaped nuclei with pale blue cytoplasm

28
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A
  • Activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response
  • leave circulation, enter tissues and differentiate into macrophages
29
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

The production of WBCs

30
Q

Which two types of chemical messengers stimulate leukopoiesis?

A

interleukins (IL-3,IL-5) and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

31
Q

What two pathways for leukocytes from hemocytoblasts are there?

A

Lymphoid stems cells and myeloid stem cells

32
Q

WHat do lymphoid stem cells produce?

A

lymphocytes

33
Q

What do myeloid stem cells produce?

A

all other elements

34
Q

What is wrong if there is leukopenia?

A

Abnormally low WBC count

35
Q

What is the problem with leukemias?

A

Cancerous condition involving overproduction of abnormal WBCs

36
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic leukemias?

A

Acute derives from stem cells and chronic involves proliferation of later cell stages

37
Q

What kind of disease is infectious mononucleosis?

A

A highly contagious viral disease, “kissing disease” caused by Epstein-Barr virus

38
Q

What is the effect of infectious mononucleosis?

A

It results in high numbers if typical agranulocytes

CMI (13 decks)

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