chapter 21 respiratory system

Question 1

Provides a large surface area for gas exchange between air and blood.

Moving air to and from the exchange surfaces – ventilation

Protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, environmental variations, and pathogens.
to do with mucous – keeps moist, traps dust
when it dries: dries nasal passages and they crack

Produce sounds for communication.

Answer 1

functions of respiratory system

Question 2

cranial nerve 1, nerve endings from it go into nasal cavities; so any odor that comes in nose come into contact with mucous and sends electrical signal to bran (temporal lobe and lymphic system) for perception

Answer 2

oflaction

Question 3

actual exchange of gas that occurs

Answer 3

respirations

Question 4

A mucous membrane consisting of ciliated epithelium and areolar CT.

Filter, warm, and humidify incoming air.

Pathogens are trapped in mucous and swept toward the larynx.

Some substances cause a rapid increase in mucus production.

Answer 4

respiratory mucosa

Question 5

The pharynx is a chamber shared by the digestive and respiratory systems.

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Answer 5

pharynx

Question 6

attach vocal cords

Answer 6

arytenoid and corniculate

Question 7

close off airway when you swallow

Answer 7

epiglottis

Question 8

Primary, secondary, tertiary bronchus.

Notice less cartilage and more smooth muscle as the tree progresses.

Bronchioles are primarily smooth muscle.

Changes in diameter of the bronchiole will change the resistance to airflow.

Answer 8

Bronchi and Bronchioles

Question 9

simple squamous epithelium

Answer 9

pneumocytes type 1

Question 10

cells that produce surfactant

Answer 10

pneumocytes type 2

Question 11

contains phospholipids and proteins to decrease alveolar surface tension.

Answer 11

surfactant

Question 12

where gas exchange primarily takes place

Answer 12

avioli

Question 13

moving air in and out

Answer 13

ventilating

Question 14

the exchange between blood and the environment.

Answer 14

external respiration

Question 15

the use oxygen by the cells to generate energy and carbon dioxide.

Answer 15

cellular respiration

Question 16

occurs deep inside tissues

Answer 16

internal respiration

Question 17

the pressure of earths atmosphere on us = 760 mmHg

carbon, nitrogen and oxygen

Answer 17

atmospheric pressure

Question 18

expansion of lungs, surfactant, mobility of the ribs affect compliance.

Answer 18

compliance

Question 19

big deep breath – SCM elevated rib cage, increase volume

Answer 19

forced inspiration

Question 20

Intercostal – pulls ribs down and forces air out quickly

Answer 20

forced expiration

Question 21

volume of air moved in a single respiratory cycle.

Answer 21

tidal volume

Question 22

volume of air you can expel after a normal respiratory cycle.

Answer 22

expiratory reserve volume

Question 23

volume of air in your lungs after forceful expiration

Answer 23

residual volume

Question 24

volume of air you can take in above tidal volume.

Answer 24

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 25

– max volume of air you can move into and out of the lungs

Answer 25

vital capacity

Question 26

Each gas in a mixture exerts an individual pressure which contributes to the total pressure

Answer 26

daltons law

Question 27

made of proteins and iron to bind oxygen and heme
When heating protein or change pH - its denatured – this effects the way it binds oxygen
Changes in temp, pH, will alter shape of hemoglobin and it will no longer want to carry oxygen

Warmer deep in tissues
At cooler temp, hemoglobin attaches to oxygen and when you heat it the hemoglobin’s structure alters and it lets go of the O

Answer 27

hemoglobin

Question 28

means going through lots of glycogenesis and means you need less oxygen

Answer 28

presence of BPG

Question 29

In lung – air that comes in is cooler than body temp due to fresh air coming in
At this temp, hemoglobin loves oxygen
It lets go when you’re deeper in the tissues and warming up the temp
Same is true for pH
Way in tissues has lots of CO2, that drops pH and makes you more acidic
At low pH, hemoglobin doesn’t like O and lets it go…. Pressure drives in into the tissues

Answer 29

o2 and co2 transport

Question 30

oxygen comes in, binds to hemoglobin, goes into tissues, lets go

In tissues CO2 comes into cells and hooks up with water in the cell to make hydronic acid
The hydrogen ions hook up with hemoglobin
Small CO2 is bound to hemoglobin, most of it has hydrogen
Bicarbonate is pumped out of cell and transported to blood stream

In lungs bicarbonate is pumped back in
Hemoglobin at the temp doesn’t want hydrogen anymore so it lets it go
H binds to bicarbonate which gives us H2CO2 and goes to CO2 and water
CO2 goes out to avioli and ventilates it back out

Answer 30

co2 transported in blood stream

Question 31

H drop our pH and makes you acidic
When cells generate CO2 you body has lots of water which creates 2nd and 3rd part of the equation
That’s why pH in tissues is lower

Answer 31

how co2 changed pH

CO2 + H20 = H2CO3 = H+ HCO3-

Question 32

Hemoglobin doesn’t like CO2 so it prefers H ions

So CO2 is transported as bicarbonate

Answer 32

transport of co2

Question 33

depth of each breath

Answer 33

apneustic center

Question 34

pace of breathing

Answer 34

pneumotaxic center

Question 35

raise pH cause you’re getting rid of CO2 too quickly

Answer 35

hyperventilating

Question 36

normal breathing

Answer 36

DRG

Question 37

forced breathing VRG

Answer 37

VRG