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A&P 2 > chapter 20 lymphoid system > Flashcards

chapter 20 lymphoid system Flashcards

1
Q

includes the cells, tissues, and organs responsible foe defending the body against various environmental pathogens and internal threats such as cancer.

A

lymphoid system

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2
Q

organisms capable of causing harm to humans

A

pathogen

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3
Q

doesn’t distinguish threats

A

non specific defense

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4
Q

specific response to a specific organism

A

specific defense

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5
Q

ability to resist infection

A

immunity

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6
Q

These vessels carry lymph from the tissues to the venous system.
most similar to veins - have valves, irregularly shaped - found every where capillaries are
larger in diameter
lined by endothelial cells that overlap to allow fluids and solutes in

A

lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

are found wherever blood capillaries are found.

A

lymphatic capillaries

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8
Q

From capillaries lymph flow into lymph vessels that are similar to veins.

These vessels also contain valves just like veins.

Lymph then flows into larger collecting vessels.

A

lymphatic vessels (2)

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9
Q

all comes up through pelvis and collect into cisterna – travels up through thoracic duct and that turns and merges into left subclavian vein – all this fluid returns into circulations through the thoracic ducts and left subclavian vein
shows all drainage goes through thoracic duct and goes to subclavian veins
all upper extremity fluid collects in R lymphatic duct and enters R subclavian vein and returns it back into circulation

A

lower extremity lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

attack foreign cells or cells infected with viruses.

A

cytotoxic t cells

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11
Q

stimulate the activation and function of T and B cells.

A

Helper t cells

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12
Q

inhibits the activation of T and B cells

don’t kill anyone, they just help facilitate

A

suppressor t cells

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13
Q

thymus dependent cells

A

t cells

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14
Q

when stimulated differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies
antibody production

A

b cells

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15
Q

aka natural killer cells attack foreign cells, infected cells, and cancer cells.
perform immune surveillance
detect something wrong and destroy it

A

nk cells

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16
Q

are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes

A

lymphoid tissues

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17
Q

aka tonsils in the respiratory tract

These are NOT lymph nodes these nodules are not surrounded by a capsule.

A

lymphoid nodules

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18
Q

are small kidney shaped organs ranging from 1mm to 1 inch in size
Dense CT capsule with projections called trabeculae.

Notice multiple afferent vessels and a single efferent vessel at the hilum.

flows in the subcapsular space toward the center.

is 99% free of antigens after leaving a node.

A

lymph nodes

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19
Q

Have connective tissue capsule around outside (dense CT to make it tough)
enlargement in vessel means valve is located there
only one vessel exits – means lots of fluids are coming in different directions and once inside lymph node, it can only go in one direction
when lymph fluid passes a lymph node, its 99% clear of debris
the fluid you recover from tissue is really clean before you dump it back into circulation

A

lymphoid organs slide

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20
Q

Located just behind the sternum.

Large in infants

Shrinks with age

Produces thymosin which is an important hormone for T cells maturation.

T cells divide and mature in the cortex then move to the medulla and enter the blood stream.

A

thymus

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21
Q

Where T lymphocytes mature

All blood cells come from bone marrow – the T cells that come from bone marrow go to thymus to mature then they are tested and if they pass they go on into your immune system

Shrinks with age after we learn all the threats that are possible in the air

A

Thymus (2)

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22
Q
  1. Removal of abnormal blood cells.
  2. Storage of recycled iron.
  3. Initiate immune response to antigens in blood.
A

Functions of the spleen

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23
Q

White pulp

A

WBC

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24
Q

red pulp

A

RBC

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25
Q

Lymphoid organ
Behind stomach at 6th rib

As blood circulates through it, immune cells help clean it. The immune cells respond (red and white pulp)

sinusoid cause when blood flows through it RBC can get out and flow through organs and come back into circulations
The white cells clean surface of red cells when it enters the spleen – cleans surface of red blood cells and then go back into circulation

A

spleen

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26
Q

Physical barriers, phagocytic cells, surveillance, interferons, complement, inflammation, fever
protecting from many things

A

nonspecific defense

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27
Q

Depends on exposure to antigens and activity of lymphocytes

A

specific defense

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28
Q

Physical barriers: skin
many layers of cells to provide a barrier
Epithelium? chemically – nicotine patches, BC patches, diffuse through skin and get into cirucations
Skin secretions: sweat
Lysozyme: runs across eye (enzymes that destroy things)
Mucus: thick secretion that traps things
Gastric secretions: stomach acid to help break things apart
Urination: especially for females so microbes cant come in
Acidic pH: stomach acid, urine, AND the vagina (too basic = yeast infection)

A

non specific defense

29
Q
  1. Engulf and destroy with enzymes.
  2. Bind to and move a pathogen to get assistance.
  3. Destroy with chemicals such TNF, H2O2.
A

phagocytes

30
Q

chemical movement – WBC follow a chemical trail to source and that’s how it chases bacteria
ex: a splinter

A

chemotaxis

31
Q

movement into the tissue

A

emigration

32
Q

respond to tissue if something goes wrong
natural killer cells: lymphocyte that wonder through tissues to make sure things are ok
detects problem, responds and destroys cells
Natural killer sees the cells are abnormal, so it destroys it (Picture)

A

immune surveillance (non specific defense)

33
Q

attract NK cells

A

alpha interferons

34
Q

slow inflammation

A

beta interferons

35
Q

stimulate macrophage activity

A

gamma interferons

36
Q

Attached to antibody antigen complex
Great opportunity for it to jump into action
End results – poke holes in bacteria

A

Compliment system

non specific defense

37
Q

when compliment proteins stick to surface and become more appealing to phagocytes
now that theyre covered with antibodies from both vocab words, they are just sitting there and phagocytes come in and destroy them

A

opsonization

38
Q

complement are signals to stimulate inflammation (basal dialation)

A

stimulation inflammation

39
Q

the proteins poke hole in bacteria so it swells up and burst

A

MAC

40
Q

2 ways to process goes
pretend there’s bacteria in body sitting there, body has initiated immune response and releases antibodies (proteins made in immune system to attack invading thing)
complement system: once antibodies are in place, compliment proteins stick to antibodies
proteins come together like a puzzle, c1, etc. and they’re like little spears
starts MAC – the proteins poke hole in bacteria so it swells up and burst
Attract phagocytes to eat all the debris
Stimulating inflammation: complement are signals to stimulate inflammation (basal dialation)

A

Non specific complement theory

41
Q

dead white blood cells

A

pus

42
Q

collection of WBC that are trapped

A

abscess

43
Q

Most bacteria thrive in an environment lower than our body temp
raising temp makes environment not good for things to grow – slows them down
puts bacteria at a disadvantage
Also chemical reactions speeds up with heat

A

benefits of fever

44
Q

dilates it so WBC can get out easier to site of infection

A

heat to vasculature

45
Q

T cells defend against abnormal cells and infected cells

A

cell mediated immunity

46
Q

B cells defend against pathogens in body fluids

A

antibody mediated immunity

47
Q

Determined genetically to fight off bacteria from previous generations

A

innate immunity

48
Q

Requires exposure, what we are experiencing now and develop immunity from exposure
Chicken pox

A

acquired immunity

49
Q

Response to the molecular structure of an antigen.

A

specificity

properties of immunity

50
Q

ability to respond to thousands of antigens

A

versatility

properties of immunity

51
Q

ability to remember antigens for a faster response

A

memory

properties of immunity

52
Q

differentiating self from non self antigens

A

tolerance

properties of immunity

53
Q

is present on all body cells.

A

class 1 MHC

54
Q

is present on antigen presenting cells.

A

class 2 MHC

55
Q

include all free and fixed macrophages and B cells.

A

APC

56
Q

markers found on Tc cells respond to MHC I

A

CD8

57
Q

markers on Th cells respond to MHC 2

A

CD4

58
Q

process of receiving 2 signals confirming an infection or something wrong with cell in your body

A

Costimulation

59
Q

abnormal protein on surface

A

first signal in costimulation

60
Q

chemical released by infected cell

A

second signal in costimulation

61
Q

Body’s way of preventing abnormal responses
Abnormal proteins
MHC1
Identity marker on surface –
Tissue rejection and matching for organ donation
MHC1
Only found on antigen presenting cells
Antigen presenting cells = b cells macrophages – they engulf debris and antigens, tear it to pieces, and display it on surface of cell
Antibody: lymphocyte produce immunity against specific antigen

A

Costimulation process

62
Q

some t cells become memory cells, drift off and live
activated cyotoxic t cells search for other cells with same flawed protein on surface – when they find them they lock on the destroy them with purferians (poke holes), cytokins (stimulates apoctosis) and lymphotoxin (shut down replication of virus)

A

costimulation process (2)

63
Q

give the antibody structure.

A

constants segments

64
Q

allow for specificity

A

variable segments

65
Q

largest and 1st one secreted in response to antigen

A

IgM

66
Q

protect against wide variety of potential threats

body secretions

A

IgA

67
Q

suface of B cells so it can bind to antigens

A

IgD

68
Q

stimulate basophils and mast cells (basophil stuck in tissues) (basophil release histamine) so histamine production
produces during allergic responses
overproduces in response of allerge

A

IgE

69
Q

produces by plasma cells for subsequent exposure to antigens

initially when you first encounter an antigen you produce IgN in quantities and later produce IgG

A

IgG

A&P 2 (10 decks)

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