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Anatomy and Physiology > chapter 21 > Flashcards

chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

The vascular system consists of

A

arteries, capillaries and veins. These vessels must be resilient and flexible to withstand pressure and move with tissues

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2
Q

Function of vascular system

A

exchange of material between blood and tissues

transporting blood between the capillaries and the heart

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3
Q

Three layers of a vessel

A
  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica externa
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4
Q

tunica intima

A

smooth, innermost layer made of endothelium and a surrounding layer connective tissue

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5
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer, made of smooth muscle and external elastic membrane; structure varies pending vessel; important for maintenance of normal bp in arteries

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6
Q

smooth muscle allows

A

arteries to constrict or dilate but is too thick to allow difussion between tissues and blood

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7
Q

tunica externa

A

fibrous connective tissue, strong t prevent rupture or larger arteries, thinner in veins

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8
Q

Arteries and veins run

A

side by side, arteries have thicker walls and higher bp than veins

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9
Q

has small rounds lumen (internal space)

A

collapsed artery

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10
Q

has a large, flat lumen

A

vein

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11
Q

lining contracts

A

veins

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12
Q

lining does not contract

lining folds

A

artery

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13
Q

more elastic

A

arteries

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14
Q

have valves

A

veins

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15
Q

Arteries

A

responsible for vasodilation and vasoconstriction; blood travels through elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles, lrgest vessels that carry blood away from heart

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16
Q

Elastic arteries

A

conducting arteries

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17
Q

artery walls are resillient due to

A

elastic fibers in the tunica media

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18
Q

elastic rebound

A

cushions the sudden rise in pressure during ventricular systole and the recoil during ventricular diastole slows the drop in pressure

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19
Q

Muscular Arteries

A

medium sized arteries with thick tunica media, distribution arteries, distributes blood to skeletal muscles and organs

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20
Q

examples of muscular arteries

A

exernal carotid artery, brachial artery, mesenteric artery and femoral

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21
Q

major arterial pressure points

A

common carotid, radial, brachial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsal pedal

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22
Q

arterioles

A

small arteries; resistance vessels with poorly defined tunica externa

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23
Q

tunica media consists of

A

smooth muscle to allow vasoconstriction/dialation in response to O2 levels

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24
Q

arterioles have more resistance to blood flow because

A

more pressure is required to push blood through a small diameter

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25
Q

capillaries

A

exchange vessels, only vessels that permit exchange between blood and tissue, one cell layer thick

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26
Q

blood flow is slowest in capillaries to

A

allow time for two-way exchange

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27
Q

There are no capillaries in

A

cartilage and epithelial tissue

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28
Q

capillaries prevent

A

blood loss and keeps plasma proteins in the blood

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29
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

contain pores that allow rapid exchange

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30
Q

sinusoids

A

large and more permeable than other capillaries to allow exchange of larger molecules like protein and blood cells to leave and enter blood stream

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31
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

regulated by smooth muscle cells, found at the beginning of each network, regulate blood flow into capillary network based on the needs of tissue

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32
Q

collaterals

A

multiple arteries supplying one capillary bed; the fusion exemplifies an arterial anastomosis to provide alernate routes of blood flow

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33
Q

metarteriole

A

precapillary arteriole

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34
Q

thoroughfare channel

A

normal passageways of capillary bed

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35
Q

vasomotion

A

blood flow in capillaries occurs in pulses

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36
Q

veins

A

collect blood from tissues and organs and return it to the heart; LARGER in diameter than arteries, thinner walls because no blood pressure

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37
Q

venules

A

small veins that collect blood from capillary beds

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38
Q

medium sized veins

A

few smooth muscle cells with a sturdy tunica externa

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39
Q

large veins

A

all three layers present

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40
Q

valves

A

present in venules and medium veins of the limbs that have to fight gravity to return blood to the heart; prevent backflow

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41
Q

varicose vein

A

swollen and distended veins found in superficial veins of the legs…prego=blood pools in veins, valves no longer work=stretched

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42
Q

hemorrhoids

A

constipation or child birth…vessels in digestive tract irritated and swollen

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43
Q

exchange in capillaries, 3 steps

A
  1. diffusion=gasses move from greater to lesser concentration
  2. filtration=high pressure forces plasma out of caps to tissue distributing nutrients
  3. colloid osmotic pressure=attracting pressure caused by proteins in blood, when blood reaches venous end, proteins pull tissue fluid/waste into capillaries
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44
Q

venoconstriction

A

systemic veins constrict to shunt blood to arteries, this maintains normal bp during blood loss

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45
Q

venous reserve

A

blood reserved in liver, skin and lungs…taken to general circulation after blood loss

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46
Q

pressure and resistance

A

increased pressure=increased flow, increased resistance=decreased flow

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47
Q

blood pressure

A

arterial pressure pressure is highest in arterial circulation due to the elevated resistance of the arterioles

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48
Q

capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

fluid pressure

49
Q

venous pressure

A

low pressure of venous system

50
Q

vascular resistance

A

friction between blood and the wall of the vessel; length and diameter of vessel affect resistance

51
Q

vessel length

A

longer blood vessels experience more friction which increases resistance

52
Q

vessel diameter

A

smaller diameters increase friction slowing the flow of blood; diameter has more of an affect on resistance than does vessel length

53
Q

viscosity

A

normal blood viscosity is dependent on the presence of protein and RBC friction, too much increases friction, too little lower friction

54
Q

turbulence

A

upsetting the flow of blood die to sudden changes in vessel diameter or vessel wall damage

55
Q

blood pressure

A

the force blood exerts against the walls of the blood vessels

56
Q

filtration in capillaries depends on

A

blood pressure

57
Q

pressure is measured in

58
Q

systolic pressure

A

blood pressure when the left ventricle is contraction, higher of the two numbers
normal range: 120mmHg or below

59
Q

diastolic pressure

A

when left ventricle is relaxed, the lower bp #

normal range: 80mmHg or below

60
Q

pulse pressure

A

the difference between the systolic and dyostolic pressures

61
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure / 3)

62
Q

**Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

63
Q

Hypotension

A

low blood pressure

64
Q

brachial artery

A

most common place to take normal bp. readings. pressure decreases as distance from the heart increases

65
Q

capillary beds

A

bp decreases as it travels through the capillary beds of the organs and tissues. it is high enough for filtration but low enough to prevent rupture

66
Q

veins-pressure

A

decreases further and approaches zero as blood enters the right atrium

67
Q

pulmonary bp

A

see notes, pg. 6

68
Q

elastic rebound

A

arteries recoil to their original dimensions during ventricular diastole

69
Q

elasticity of large arteries

A

normal elasticity lower systolic pressure and increase diastolic pressure

70
Q

elasticity in the aortic wall

A

absorbs some of the force of ventricle systole and recoils to maintain diastolic pressure when there is no blood flow

71
Q
  1. venous return, “starlings law”
A

the heart pumps only the blood it receives, if venous return decreases, cardiac muscle fibers will not be stretched, cannot contract as forcefully

72
Q
  1. resistance to blood flow
A

decreases as it travels through larger veins; increases velocity of blood

73
Q
  1. constriction of veins
A

smooth muscle allows veins to constrict and force blood toward the heart and valves prevent backflow

74
Q
  1. skeletal muscle pump, contraction of leg muscles…
A

squeeze the veins to force blood to the heart

75
Q
  1. respiratory pump
A

inhillation and exhillation of the lungs expand and compress veins to return blood to heart

76
Q
  1. heart rate and force
A

if heart rate and force increase, blood pressure increases (exercise)

77
Q
  1. peripheral resistance
A

vessels offer to the flow of blood (resistance to blood flow)

78
Q
  1. blood loss
A

small loss of blood (donation) temp. drop in pressure, followed by a rapid compensation in the form of a rapid heart rate and greater vasoconstriction

79
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of ions from an area of greater concentrationto an area of lesser concentration

80
Q

Use Diffusion

A

water, ions and small molecules such as glucose

81
Q

some ions diffuse through channel in plasma membrane

A

Na+, K+, Ca+, CI-

82
Q

large water souluable compounds diffuse through

A

fenestrated capillaries

83
Q

Plasma proteins are

A

senusoid, which are very permeable

84
Q

Filtration

A
  • driven by hydrostatic pressure
  • water and small solutes forced through capillary wall
  • leaves larger solutes in blood stream
85
Q

reabsorption

A
  • the result of osmotic pressure
  • equals pressure to prevent osmosis
  • caused by suspended blood PROTEINS that are too lrg to cross capillary walls
86
Q

net capillary colloid osmotic pressure is the difference between:

A
  1. blood colloid osmotic pressure
  2. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
    (pulls water and solutes into a capillary from interstitial fluid)
    *both control filtration and reabsorption through capillaries
87
Q

forces water out of solution

A

net hydrostatic pressure

88
Q

forces water into solution

A

net osmotic pressure

89
Q

capillary exchange at arterial end

A

fluid moves out of capillary and into interstitial fluid

90
Q

capillary exchange at venous end

A

fluid moves into capillary and out of interstitial fluid

91
Q

transition point between filtration and reabsorption is closer to

A

venous end

92
Q

capillaries filter more than

A

they absorb

93
Q

excess fluid enters

A

lymph vessels

94
Q

hemorrhaging

A

increases reabsorption of interstitial fluid

95
Q

dehydration

A

accelerates reabsorption

96
Q

increase in hydrostatic or decrease in colloid osmotic pressure within vessels causes fluid to

A

move out of blood and build up periphreal tissues=edema (swelling)

97
Q

autoregulation of blood flow

A

factors that promote the dilation of precapillary sphincters are called vasodilators; relax the smooth muscle

98
Q

local vasodilators:

A 
decrease tissue O2 levels
increasee Co2
nitric oxide release from endothelial cells
increase in potassium or hydrogen ions
chemicals release during inflammation
elevated local temp
99
Q

local vasoconstrictors

A

prostaglandins and thromboxanes; stimulate platelet aggregation and constrition of damaged vessels

100
Q

baroreceptor reflexes

A

cardiovascular reflex that responds to change in pressure

101
Q

chemoreceptor reflexes

A

cardiovascular reflex respond to changes in chemicals in blood

102
Q

antidiuretic hormone

A

causes vasoconstriction that elevates bp, reabsorbs water from kidneys adding to blood volume

103
Q

angiotensin II

A

responds to fall in renal bp, stimulates production of aldosterone, stimulates secretion of ADH, stimulates thirst, cardiac output, constriction of atrioles

104
Q

erythropoetin

A

responds to a drop in blood O2 levels, causes vasoconstriction and stimulates the production and maturation of RBCs

105
Q

Natriuretic peptide

A

respond to excessive stretching of arterial wall during diastole; reduces blood volume and pressure by sodium exchange in the kidneys, increase urine production

106
Q

Norepiniphrine

A

stimulates vasoconstriction; raises bp

107
Q

epinephrine

A

stimulates vasoconstriction; increases heart rate and force of contraction increasing bp

108
Q

cardiovascular response to light exercise

A
  • extensive vasodilation occurs increasing circulation
  • venous return increases with muscle contraction
  • cardiac output increases
109
Q

Cardiovascular response to heavy exercise

A
  • activates sympathetic nev. system
  • cardiac output increases to maximum
  • restricts blood flow to non essential organs
  • redirects blood flow to heart, lungs and muscles
  • blood supply to brain is not affected
110
Q

**circle of willis (fig 21-24)

A

circle of arteries around the pituitary gland

111
Q

**Hepatic portal circulation

A

blood from abdominal digestive organs and spleen circulate through the liver before returning to the heart
Purpose + anastomosis

112
Q

fetal circulation

A
  1. umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus
  2. umbilical arteries carry oxygen deficient blood from the fetus to placenta
  3. placenta contains fetal and maternal blood vessels that are close to one another but do not mix, but allows gases, wastes and nutrients in and out
113
Q

ductus venosus

A

from the placenta the blood is taken to the inferior vans cava, after birth, these fetal vessels constrict and become nonfunctional

114
Q

foramen ovale

A

opening in the interatrial septum that permits some blood flow from the R. atrium to L. atrium in the fetal heart, bypassing the R. ventricals

115
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

a short vessel that diverts most of the blood in the pulmonary artery to the aorta and then to the body, bypassing lungs

116
Q

when an infant is born, the intake of O2 and inflation of lungs

A

closes a flap over the foramen ovale and constricts the ductus arteriosis

117
Q

Pulse

A

heartbeat found at an atrial site; the force of ventricular contraction transmitted through the arterial wall

118
Q

Pulse sites, 7

A 
radial=wrist, thumb side
carotid=neck
temporal=temple
femoral=top of thigh
popliteal=back of knee
dorsal pedis=top of foot
apical=the heart

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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