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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 19 BLOOD > Flashcards

Chapter 19 BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

Define Blood

A

Fluid connective tissue

transport system

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2
Q

5 Functions of blood

A

Transport, regulate, prevents, protects, stabalizes

  1. Transport of gases, nutrients, waste & hormones
  2. Regulation; ph, fluid, electrolyte balace
  3. Prevents fluid loss at injury site=clotting
  4. Protection=WBC
  5. Stabilizes body temp=circulation, body absorbs heat & distributes it to other parts of the body
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3
Q

Whole blood, Plasma

A

fluid consisting of water, dissolved plasma protein

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4
Q

Whole blood, Formed elements

A

all cells and cell fragments

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5
Q

Three types of formed elements

A
  1. RBCs / erythocytes (Red cells transport O2)
  2. WBCs or leukocytes=part of immune system
  3. Platelets=cell fragments involved in clotting
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6
Q

amount of blood

A

4 - 6 liters incl. plasma (46-63%) and blood cells (37-54%) of total blood volume

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7
Q

Temperature of blood

A

100.4 high to maintain heat distribution

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8
Q

Bright red blood

A

arterial blood , due to O2 venous blood

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9
Q

Darker red blood

A

darker, dull due to O2 deficit

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10
Q

PH

A

7.35 - 7.45 (slightly alkaline)

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11
Q

Viscosity/thickness or resistance to flow

A

5X thicker than water because of blood cells and plasma viscosity which maintains normal blood pressure

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12
Q

Plasma definition

A

liquid part of the blood, 92% water

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13
Q

water solvent enables plasma to transport substances, 5 examples:

A
  1. nutrients circulated to tissue and organs
  2. waste circulated to kidneys
  3. hormones carried to target organs
  4. antibodies circulated to infected areas
  5. carbon dioxide carried to lungs in the form of bicarbonate
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14
Q

Plasma Proteins

A

synthesized by liver, contribute to the transfer of molecules to and from blood; cannot cross capillary walls because of large size

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15
Q

Albumin

A

most abundant plasma protein; synthesized in liver, provides colloidosmotic pressure which attracts tissue fluid into blood plasma; helps maintain normal blood volume and pressure

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16
Q

Globulins

A

Transport proteins
hormone-binding binds and transports hormone like the thyroid binding globulin
metalloproteins transport metals like transferrin
apoliopoproteins carry triglycerides and other lipids in the blood like lipoproteins
steroid binding proteins-transport steroid hormones like, testosterone bending globulin

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17
Q

fibrinogen

A

clotting factor, inactive until needed by ruptured vessels, then converted to fibrin which forms the basic clot framework

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18
Q

serum

A

the fluid resulting from removal of clotting factors

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19
Q

Blood Cells

A

produced in hemopoietic tissues; red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue

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20
Q

Red blood cells (fig. 19-2)

A

RBCs/erythrocytes=smarty shape, biconcave center

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21
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

production of formed elements from myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

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22
Q

Shape gives RBCs

A

a large surface area for quick absorption and release of O2 molecules (3800 sq. M)
flexibility to get through narrow capillaries

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23
Q

rouleau

A

shape of BCs allows cells to stack, smoothing flow through narrow blood vessels

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24
Q

no mitochondria in RBCs so where does it get its energy?

A

anaerobic glycolysis

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25
Q

Hematcrit

A

measures blood cells by centrifuge. formed elements and plasma separate and percentage can be detrmined

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26
Q

hemacrit for males and females?

A

46- males

42-females

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27
Q

Hemoglobin

A

protein in RBC which carries O2

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28
Q

Hemoglobin count from males and females?

A

Male-14 - 18 g/dL

Female- 12 - 16 g/dL

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29
Q

Each HB molecule has

A

2 alpha and beta chains of polypeptide within a quaternary protein structure, ea. chain contains a single heme molecule

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30
Q

Each heme unit holds

A

one Fe and ea. Fe molecule holds one O2 molecule

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31
Q

how many hemoglobin molecules per one RBC

A

280 million (ea. of which can bond to 4 oxygen molecules)

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32
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

RBC carrying oxygen (bright red)

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33
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

RBCs travel through tissues and give up there oxygen (dark red)

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34
Q

Fetal hemoglobin

A

strong form, found in embryo, takes O2 from moms

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35
Q

function of hemoglobin

A

carries oxygen

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36
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

when plasma oxygen levels are low, hemoglobin releases oxygen and binds to carbon dioxide, takes it to lungs

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37
Q

anemia

A

if hematocrit levels are low or HB content is reduced; body suffers from oxygen deprivation

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38
Q

RBC formation / turn over

A

120 day lifespan, travels 700 miles, 1 % of RBCs wear out per day and about 3 million enter the blood stream per sec.

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39
Q

Hemoglobin conversion and recycling process

A

see fig. 19-5

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40
Q

production and maturation of blood cells

A

embryonic RBCs are formed in 3ed wk of development, yolk sac is the 1st site of blood cell formation; then the liver and spleen

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41
Q

erythropoiesis

A

RBC formation occurs in myeloid tissue (red bone marrow), stem cells mature to become RBCs

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42
Q

Red bone marrow

A

found in flat and irregular bones of adults

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43
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

fatty tissue that can convert to red bone marrow during severe trauma / blood loss

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44
Q
  1. hemocytoblasts
A

blood producing precursor cells produced in red bone marrow

45
Q

hemocytoblasts continuously produce 2 kinds of blood cells

A

myeloid-become RBC’s, some WBCs

lymphhoid stem cells-become lymphocytes

46
Q
  1. proerythroblasts
A

fist stage of an RBC; day 1

47
Q
  1. basophilic erythroblast
A

2ed day of maturation

48
Q
  1. polychromatophilic erythroblast
A

day 3 of maturation

49
Q
  1. normoblast
A

day 4 of maturation; last developmental stage where RBC still has nucleus…end of stage nucleus disintegrates

50
Q
  1. reticulocyte
A

days 5-7 of maturation; contains 80 % of hemoglobin of a mature RBC; enters circulation after day 7 and takes another 24 hrs to mature fully

51
Q

7.erythocytes

A

blank

52
Q

what is necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin?

A

protein, iron, copper

53
Q

what extrinsic factor is necessary for DNA synthesis in the bloods cells of red bone marrow?

A

B12

54
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

gastric cells produce this to bind to dietary B12 so that it won’t be digested, its absorbed into small intestines

55
Q

**Erythropoietin

A

Hormone, stimulates erythropoiesis directly or indirectly by stimulation thyroxine, androgens and growth hormone

56
Q

Erythropoietin, stimulated by low ___ levels during anemia, blood flow to ____ declines or oxygen content to ____ declines

A

oxygen
kidney
lungs

57
Q

Erythropoietin travels to red bone marrow and stimulates

A

stem cells

58
Q

Erythropoietin increases rate of cell division in

A

eurethrablasts

59
Q

Erythropoitin speeds up maturation of RBCs by accelerating

A

hemoglobin synthesis

60
Q

Blood doping

A

athletes elevate hematocrits by reinfusing RBCs that were removed and stored at an earlier date; improves O2 delivery to muscles but can be hard on the heart because of increased viscosity

61
Q

typing and crossmatching

A

it is important to ensure that donated blood will not be reacted on

62
Q

Cross-reaction

A

when an antibody meets its specific surface antigen, the RBCs agglutinates and may hemolyse

63
Q

White blood cells

A

leukocytes larger than RBCs and have a nuclei when mature; function is immunity

64
Q

WBC count

A

5000 to 10,000 per mm3 (some are in tissue)

65
Q

WBCs have

A

nucleus and organells

66
Q

WBC lack

A

hemoglobin

67
Q

WBC functions, 3

A
  1. defend against pathogens
  2. remove toxins/waste
  3. attract abnormal cells
68
Q

WBC circulation and movement

A

most found in connective tissue and lymph. system organs; small number in blood (5000 - 10000)

69
Q

4 characteristics of circulating WBCs

A
  1. can migrate through diapedisis or emigration
  2. have ameboid movement so it can move through endothelial linings
  3. attracted to positive chemotaxis, guiding WBCs to damaged tissue or pathogens
  4. some are phagocytic; neutrophils, eosinophils and nomcytes
70
Q

Granular Leukocytes

A

produced in red bone marrow, have colored granules when stained, have lobed nuclei, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

71
Q

Neutrophils

A

prefer bacteria and fungi
50 - 70 % of circulating WBCs
cytoplasm has lysosomal enzymes and bactericides (hydrogen peroxide)

72
Q

Neutrophils are very…

A

active, 1st to attack bacteria

engolf and digest pathogens

73
Q

Defensens

A

attack pathogen membranes

74
Q

Neutrophils release…

A

prostaglandins that increase capillary permeability contributing to inflammation which restricts the spread of injury or infection

75
Q

leukotrines

A

hormones that attract other phagocytes and help coordinate the immune response

76
Q

Puss is

A

dead neutrophils, cellular debris and waste

77
Q

Eosiniphils (acidophils)

A

2-4 % of WBCs

attacks parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytized

78
Q

Eosiniphils excrete the toxic compounds

A

nitric oxide and cytotoxic enzymes through exocytosis

79
Q

Eosiniphils are sensitive to

A

allergens so they increase in number during allergic reactions

80
Q

Eosiniphils control inflammation with enzymes that

A

counteract effects of neutrophils and mast cells

81
Q

Basophils

A

ratest WBC, smaller than neutrophils

82
Q

Basophils bind to

A

antibody that causes granules to release histamine, dilating blood vessels

83
Q

Basophils release

A

heporine to prevent clotting and attract other eosinophils and basophils to the area

84
Q

agranular leukocytes

A

produced in spleen, lymph nodes and thymus, red bone marrow, lymphocytes and nomocytes

85
Q

monocytes

A

largest leukocyte, twice the size of an RBC

leave blood stream and enter peripheral tissue and become macrophages with big appetite

86
Q

Monocytes phagocytize:

A

viruses, bacterial parasites and dead tissue

87
Q

Monocytes secrete

A

substances that attract immune system cells and fibroblasts that lay down scar tissue to injury

88
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Larger than RBCs, migrate in and out of blood, found in connective tissues and lymphoid organs, they are part of the body’s defense system

89
Q

Three classes of lymphocytes

A
  1. T-cell-mediated immunity; attack foreign cells
  2. B-humoral immunity; turn into PLASMA CELLS and synthesize antibodies that travel throughout the blood to destroy their target
90
Q

Differential WBC count

A

percent of ea. kind of leukocyte

91
Q

Leukocytosis

A

high WBC count = infection

92
Q

Leukopenia

A

Low WBC count

93
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A

formation of lymphocytes

94
Q

Platelets

A

fragments of cells that play a major role in clotting

95
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

abnormal low platelet count

96
Q

thrrombocytosis

A

high platelet count, signifies cancer of infection

97
Q

3 functions of platelets

A
  1. release clotting chemicals
  2. patch damaged vessel walls temporarily
  3. reduces size of a break in vessel wall
98
Q

Platelet production called

A

thrombopoiesis

99
Q

4 Thrombopoiesis facts

A
  1. stem cells turn into megakaryocytes which break up into sm. pieces that enter circulation
  2. platelets survive 9-12 days
  3. removed from circulation by spleen
  4. 2/3 stored for emergencies
100
Q

Hemostasis

A

stopping of bleeding

101
Q

Hemostasis, 3 phases (happen all at once)

A

vascular phase; causes vascular spasm, decreasing the diameter of the vessels; lasts 30 min
platelet phase; beginning=attachment of platelets to endothelial surface (15 sec of injury occurrence)
*Coagulation phase (see coagulation card, know for test!)

102
Q

Coagulation phase

A

dependent on clotting factors (procoagulants) in pathway; incl calcium and 11 proteins; causes a cascade reaction of enzymes and proenzymes that ends in the conversion of circulation fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin (fibrin is the end result)

103
Q

The Extrinsic Pathway (3)

A

outside blood stream, in vessel wall

  1. damaged cells release tissue factor (TF)
  2. TF + other compounds and calcium= enzyme complex
  3. activates factor X
104
Q

Intrinsic pathway (in blood stream 4 steps)

A
  1. begins with circulating proenzymes within bloodstream
  2. activation of enzymes by collagen
  3. platelets release factors
  4. series of reaction activates factor X
105
Q

** Common Pathway, define and 2 steps

A

begins when enzymes from eithr the ex or intrinsic pathway activate factor X

  1. the enzyme prothrombinase is formed; converts prothrombin to thrombin
  2. thrombin converts fibrinegen to fibrin
106
Q

blood clotting is a

A

positive feedback mechanism to accelerate the clotting process and reduce blood loss quickly

107
Q

Blood clotting is restricted by (3)

A
  1. anticoagulants such as antithromin-III inhibit thrombin
  2. Heparin released by basophils and mast cells activates antithrombin III
  3. aspiri prevents platelet aggregation and clot formation but prolongs bleeding
108
Q

clot retraction

A

pulls torn edges of vessel closer together reducing residual bleeding and stabilizing injury site; reduces size of damage making it easier for fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells to complete repair

109
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

slows process of dissolving clot; plasmin digests fibrin strands

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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