Chapter 14 Packet Review Flashcards
Ventricles
four cavities within the brain lined with ependymal cells
Lateral Ventricles are separated by the?
septum pellucidum
Third ventricle connects to the lateral ventricles by the?
interventricular foramen
fourth ventricle connects to the 3ed by the____? and is continuous with the _____? of the spinal cord?
cerebral aquaduct
central canal
Choroid plexus
Capillary network found within the ventricles that forms cerebral spinal fluid, the tissue fluid of the CNS
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
Cushion and floats the brain
diffusion of gasses
you produce 2 cups per day, replaced every eight hours
Arachnoid granulations
absords old CSF; if it is blocked it can cause hydrocephalus
Flow of CSF?
lateral ventricle and third ventricle -4th ventricle - central canal of spinal cord - cranial and spinal subarachnoid spaces
Capillary cells joined by___ in the blood brain barrier?
tight junctions
Astrocytes
provide chemical messages to control permeability of the capillaries
High amounts of ____ are readily transported for a constant energy supply
glucose
Small amounts of what are allowed through the blood brain barrier?
epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine
Blood CSF Barrier
specialized ependymal cells connected by tight junctions and surround choroid plexus
4 Exception to the blood brain barrier
hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland, choroid plexus
Dura Mater is _____ layered? Outer layer connecting to the ___ of the skull, leaving no____?
double layered
periostium
epideral space
Dura Folds
dura mater dips into creases of the brain
falx cerbri
between cerebral hemisphere
tentorium cerebelli
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
falx cerebelli
cerebellar hemispheres
arachnoid mater
lacy network similar to spinal cord
pia mater
adheres to the surface of the brain by astrocytes, extends into folds of the brain
3 things that protect brain tissue?
- meninges in the cell act as seat belt and holds brain in place
- blood brain barrier (like shatter proof glass) limits permeability
- CSF (like airbag) cushions, floats the brain and allows diffusion of necessary chemicals
*5 functions of the medulla oblongata to KNOW?
- links brain to spinal cord
- regulates heart rate & force of contraction
- regulates distribution of blood flow
- sets the pace of respiratory movement
- relays and integrates visceral sensory info to the ANS
3 functions of the pons?
- Receives sensory info and returns motor info to the jaw muscles, anterior surface of face, eye muscles, and internal ear
- modifies breathing rhythm set by the medulla oblongata through the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers
- Relays info to and from cerebellum
Autonomic processing center is the?
Cerebellum
Cerebellum location?
large posterior, inferior regions of the brain
Functions of Cerebellum?
balance and equilibrium (refines learned movement patterns to make them smooth)
Midbrain; superior colliculus of the corpora quadrigemina?
reflex movements of: eyes, head, neck and trunck in response to visual stimuli
Midbrain; Inferiour colliculus of the corpora quadrigemina?
auditory reflex, movement of head, neck and trunck in response to an auditory stimulus
Midbrain; Reticular activating system
makes you more alert and attentive
Midbrain; Subconscious control
upper limb position and muscle tone
Diencephalon
integrates sensory info with motor output at the subconscious level; includes the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland
Pineal Gland
endocrine structure, secretes melatonin which regulates sleep/wake cycles and reproductive cycles
Thalamus Location?
superior to the hypothalamus; right and left thalamus is separated by the 3rd ventricle
What determines the thalamus function?
thalamic nuclei groups
Thalamus function; Anterior group responsible for?
limbic which involves emotion and motivation
Thalamus function; medial group
awareness of emotions by connecting the hypothalamus to the frontal lobes
Thalamus Function; Ventral group relays sensory info about?
touch, pressure, pain, temperature and proprioception
Thalamus, anterior group?
resposible for limbic which is emotion and motivation
Thalamus function; Lateral group affects emotional states by connecting the____ system to the ______lobes of the cerebrum
Limbic
Parietal
Hypothalamus, the_____gland?
Location
master
in the floor of the 3rd ventricle superior to the pituitary gland; a stalk connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
Mamillary bodies
“brain boobs” olefactory sensations and reflex movements associated with: eating, licking, chewing and swallowing
The hypothalamus can be stimulated by what 3 processes?
- sensory info from cerebrum, brain stem, spinal cord
- changes in the CSF and interstitial fluid
- Chemical stimuli in blood since there is not BBB here
Functions of the Hypothalamus #1
subconscious control of skeletal muscle contraction (sexual movement)
Functions of the Hypothalamus #2
adjusts/coordinates heart rate, blood pressure, respiration…
Functions of the Hypothalamus #3
Produces/secretes hormones that regulate hormone production in pituitary
Functions of the Hypothalamus #4
Secretes antidiuretic hormone/keeps you hydrated. synthesizes oxytocin which stimulates muscle contractions in the reproduction organs
Functions of the Hypothalamus #5
sweating/shivering=temp. regulation
controls vasodialation and v-constriction
Functions of the Hypothalamus #6
regulates hunger and thirst
Functions of the Hypothalamus #7
Integrates ANS functions: fight or flight
Functions of the Hypothalamus #8
controls body rhythms like sleep and mood cycles
The Limbic System is your _______ system?
motivational
Location of Limbic system?
between cerebrum and the diencephalon; a functional grouping (not anatomical)
4 Functions of the Limbic system #1
Processing memories, creation of emotion and motivation
Functions of the Limbic system #2
Rage, fear, pain, pleasure/sexual arousal
Functions of the Limbic system #3
amygdala regulates heart rate, fight or flight response and links emotion with memory
Functions of the Limbic system #4
hipocampus=how you learn
storage and retrival of new long term memories (like learning this shizz)
Cerebrum is the ___ part of the brain?
largest
The cerebrum has ____ _____ separated by the ____ _____?
Two hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
The cerebrum is connected by the___ _____?
corpus collosum
Each hemisphere of the cerebrum houses a ___ ____?
lateral ventricle
Function of the cerebrum
Receives sensory info and sends motor info to opposite sides of the body: Two hemispheres, each with completely different functins
Cerebral Cortex
grey matter=cell bodies of neurons
grey matter
cell bodies of neurons make it grey
Gyri
estensive folds of cerebral oortex creates more surface area (2.5 sq.ft.)
Sulci
grooves between gyri
White matter
medula brain; myelinated axons and dendrites that connect the lobes of the cerebrum together
Association Fibers
connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere
arcuate fibers
short and curved, pass from one gyris to another
Longitudinal Fasicule
long association fibers that connect the frontal lobe to other lobes in the same hemisphere
commissural fibers
allow communication between hemispheres
corpus callosum
200 million neurons that connect the right and left sides of the brain
Projection fibers
link the cerebral cortex to the diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord
Basal Nuclei are paired masses of ____ ____ matter within the ___ ____ of the ____ ______?
gray matter
white matter
cerebral hemispheres
The function of the basal nuclei?
subconscious voluntary movement working in conjunction with the cerebellum
Regulates muscle tone and coordinates accessory movements (I.E. arms swinging when walking)
What causes Parkinson’s Disease?
basal nuclei is inhibited by dopamine, if this fails the basal nuclei overreact and cause increased muscle tone
With Parkinson’s Disease ___ movements are difficult to start because_____muscle groups do not ____
voluntary
opposing
relax (they have to be over powered)
The frontal lobe is located in the ___ ___ of the ___ ?
anterior half
cerebrum
Function of the frontal lobe?
motor and premotor areas
Primary motor cortex
responsible for voluntary movement. The large portion is dedicated to precise movements of the face and hands
The left side of the primary motor cortex controls movement on the ____ side of the body (& visa versa)
Right
Premotor Cortes
learned motor movements that require a sequence of movements. It is not a reflex but you perform the task without thinking about it like tying your shoes
Speech Center
in Left frontal lobe, controls muscle to move mouth for speaking, breathing and vocalization
Prefrontal Cortex
predicts consequences of future events with feelings of: frustration, tension and anxiety (totally what you are feeling right now!)
Prefrontal coxtex control ____, intellectual functions, like: ___, ___, & ____
conscious
speech, writing & math
Lobotomy
removal of a part of the prefrontal cortes to alleviate feeling of frustration, tension or anxiety; left w/o tact; now drugs replace this procedure
Parietal lobe is located ____ to frontal lobes and _____ to temporal lobes
posterior
superior
Parietal lobes function is?
sensory
Primary sensory cortex
receives impulses from receptors in the skin to interpret changes in the environment
The primary sensory cortex also receives impulses from____ ____ in muscles, resulting in ____ ____ ____
stretch receptors
conscious muscle sense
somatic sensory association areas
monitors activity of primary sensory cortex to help you recognize a stimulus so you can respond (mostly for face and hands)
The Temporal Lobe is on the ______ sides of the cerebrum
Lateral
The temporal lobe function?
sensory and speech
Olfactory areas receive impulse from the ___ ___ for ____
naval cavity
smell
Auditory areas receive impulses from the ___ ___ for ___ and ____ _____
inner ear
hearing & word recognition
Insula is located ____ to the ___ ____?
medial
lateral sulcus
Insula’s function is?
sensory
Gustatory Cortex
taste
Occipital lobe is located in the ____ section of the cerebrum, ___ to the cerebellum
posterior
superior
The Occipital lobe function?
vision, spatial relationships (judging distance)
visual association area
interprut what it sees then sends the info to the thinking part of the cerebrum to be acted on (I.E. reading and understanding it)
auditory association area
interprut what it hears then sends info to thinking part of the cerebrum to be acted on
General interpretive areas are areas of the____ that provide ____ by integrating ___ ___ with visual and auditory memories
cerebrum
personality
sensory info
Hemispheric Lateralization:
Left hemisphere?
dominant
language based skills, reading, writing, hand movement control for right handed people, LOGIC…
Hemispheric Lateralization:
Right hemisphere?
sensory relationships, id objects using senses, face recognition and emotional context for conversation
12 Cranial Nerves (PNS)
see other deck
oh oh oh to touch a female vagina gives vinny a hard on!
some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter most!
Thalamus, medial group
awareness of emotional states by connecting the hypothalamus to the frontal lobes
Thalamus, ventral group
relays sensory info: touch, pressure, pain, temperature and proprioception to the areas of the cerebral cortex
Thalamus, Posterior group
integrates sensory info to project to the association areas of the cerebral cortex; receives visual info from the optic tract and relays auditory info to cerebral cortex from the inner ear
Thalamus, Lateral group
affects emotional states by connecting the limbic system to the parietal lobes of the cerebrum
