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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 12 Packet Review > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Packet Review Flashcards

1
Q

Neurophysiology

A

The study of the nervous system

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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The brain and spinal chord. Deciphers info and initiates responses. I.E: Intelligence, memory, emotions

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial and spinal nerves. Relays info to and from the CNS: Cranial and spinal nerves

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4
Q

Afferent Division

A

A division of the PNS Sensory input: detect changes and feel sensations. Takes FROM stimulus TO the CNS

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5
Q

Receptors

A

Detect changes, respond to stimuli

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6
Q

Efferent Division

A

A division of the PNS Motor output: carries motor commands from CNS to an effector

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7
Q

Effector

A

Target organs which respond by doing something; muscles, glands, adipose tissue

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8
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

controls skeletal muscle contractions on a voluntary conscious and a subconscious level (reflex)

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9
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, adipose tissue and glands; a visceral control center. Sub divisions are sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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10
Q

Neurons

A

“Nerve fibers”; regardless of function all neurons have the same physical properties: cell body, 1 axon and dendrites

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11
Q

Cell body

A

contains nucleus surrounded by perikaryon found in the CNS for protection by the skeleton . Do not divide because they lack centrioles

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12
Q

Perikaryon

A

Cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus; mitochondria present for ATP production, ribosomes and rough er present for protein synthesis; clusters of rough er and ribosomes stain darkly and are called nissel bodies which make up gray matter in the cerebral cortex

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

Branched processes increase surface area for cell bodies to receive impulses. Transmit TOWARD the cell body

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14
Q

Axon

A

process of the cell body that transmit impulses AWAY from the cell body

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15
Q

Axoplasm

A

cytoplasm of the axon

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16
Q

Axolemma

A

specialized plasma membrane surrounding the axoplasm

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17
Q

Initial Segment

A

base of the axon

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18
Q

Axon Hillock

A

thickened area where the axon joins the cell

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19
Q

Telodendria

A

extensions on the distal end of the axon; terminal branches

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20
Q

Axoplasmic transport

A

two-way transport between the cell body and synaptic terminals

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21
Q

Anterograde and Retrograde Flow

A

Ante=materials carried TOWARD the synaptic terminals

Retro=materials carried toward the CELL BODY

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22
Q

Synaptic Terminal

A

point of communication with another cell

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23
Q

Synapse

A

space between the axon of one neuron and dendrites or cell body of the next neuron. The site of one way impulse transmission

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24
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

conducts impulses TOWARD the synapsis; info giver

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25
Q

Postsynaptic Neuron

A

transmit the impulse AWAY from synapses; info receiver

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26
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

space separating the two cells

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27
Q

Neruotransmitter

A

chemical released into synapse by electrical nerve impulses

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28
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

within the synaptic terminal neurotransmitters are found within small sacs

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29
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

synapses between a neuron and a muscle

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30
Q

Neuroglandular Junction

A

synapse between a neuron and a gland

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31
Q

FIGURE 12-3 will be on test

A

Axonic, bipolar, unipolar, multipolar

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32
Q

Anaxonic

A

in brain and special sense organs; cannot determine the axon from the dendrites; poorly understood

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33
Q

Bipolar

A

rare sense receptors like smell, sight, hearing; two processes separated by the cell body

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34
Q

Unipolar

A

Sensory neurons of the PNS; longest extends from toes to spinal chord; dentrites and axon are continuous with cell body off to the side

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35
Q

Multipolar

A

Most common; all motor neurons in PNS; TWO or MORE dendrites and a single axon

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36
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Afferent division; carry impulses from receptor to CNS. They are unipolar, 2 types: Somatic Sensory Neurons=receive info about ouside world via receptors in the skin, skeletal muscles and joints
Visceral Sensory Neurons=monitor internal conditions within the organs

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37
Q

Interoceptors

A

monitor digestive, respiratory, cardio, urinary and reproductive systems; distention, deep pressure, pain

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38
Q

Exteroceptors

A

monitor external environment with touch, temp, pressure, taste, smell, sight, equilibrium and hearing

39
Q

Proprioceptors

A

monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints

40
Q

Motor Neurons

A

EFFERENT division carry impulses from CNS to the EFFECTORS

41
Q

Somatic Motor Neurons

A

voluntary, linked to skeletal muscles

42
Q

Visceral Motor Neurons

A

Involuntary, linked to smooth and cardiac muscles, adipose tissue and glands

43
Q

Effectors

A

the organ or tissues that respond to info from the CNS; muscles and glands

44
Q

Interneurons

A

Found in CNS; Shuttles signals between sensory and motor neurons. “Association Neurons”

45
Q

Neuroglial Cells of the CNS

A

provide support and protection to the neural tissues

46
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Line the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain forming an epithelium called EPENDYMA: secrete and circulate the Cerebral Spinal Fluid=in spinal chord and brain, feeds brain tissue nutrients and removes waste, also cushions and protects

47
Q

Astrocyte

A

Star-shaped supporting cell; largest and most numerous

48
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

capillaries in the brain limit the entry of substances to the brain hormones, waste/harmful substances are not allowed to pass; it could cause the brain to fire off impulses unnecessarily. Capillaries not as permeable. The astrocytes send signals to the capillaries to form tight junctions in their endothelium

49
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

neuroglial cells that form the myelin sheath in CNS; processes extend into pad shape and wrap around the axon forming concentric layers of plasma membrane; this insulates the axons from contact w/extracellular fluid

50
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Phospholipid sheath that protects it electrically insulates neurons from one another and increases the speed of impulses along the axon

51
Q

Internode

A

A length of axon that is covered in myelin; the lipids give it a glossy white appearance. (white matter)

52
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

spaces between adjacent internodes

53
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytic cells of the CNS; “garbage collectors”

54
Q

Neuroglial Cells of the PNS (fig 12-6)

A

provide support and protection to the ganglia - clusters of cell bodies outside the CNS

55
Q

Satellite Cells (amphicytes)

A

surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, regulation surrounding environment

56
Q

Schwann Cells (neurilemma cells)

A

Provides the myelin of the PNS. They coil their plasma membrane around the axon of nerves to protect them from surrounding fluids and other axons

57
Q

Neurilemma

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm of the schwann cell wrapped around the outside of the myelin sheath

58
Q

Response to Injury (fig 12-7)

Wallerian Degeneration=repairing of damaged nerves

A
  1. fragmentation of axon and myelin occurs in distal stump
  2. shwann cells form a chord, unites the stumps. macrophages engulf degeneration axon and myelin
  3. Axon sends buds into network of schwann cells, then starts growing along cord
  4. Axon continues to grow into distal stump and is enclosed by schwann cells
59
Q

Resting Potential

A

transmembrane potential of a resting cell; a change in this potential starts neural activity

60
Q

Graded Potential

A

stimulus produces a temporary, localized change in transmembrane potential; decreases with distance from the stimulus

61
Q

Action Potential

A

Graded potential can trigger an electrical impulse that spreads along the surface of the axon and maintains the potential despite distance from the stimulus; travels to a synapse

62
Q

Synaptic Activity

A

arrival of the action potential to a synapse causes the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic membrane which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane allowing permeability and graded potential

63
Q

Information Processing

A

response of the post synaptic cell

64
Q

Chemical Gradient (fig 12-9) and Electrical Gradient (fig 12-9)

A

see book and packet

65
Q

Current

A

movement of charges to eliminate a potential difference

66
Q

Resistance

A

how much a barrier restricts movement of those charges
resistance high=low current
resistance low=high current

67
Q

Electro Chemical Gradient
Potassium Ion Gradient
Sodium Ion Gradient

A

see fig. 12-10 and packet (copy and paste to watch)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9tPTDRjCYU
The electrochemical gradient is a form of potential energy. Any stimulus that increases the permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+ or K+ ions causes sudden and dramatic ion movement. If a sodium channel opens, sodium will flow in fegardless of what the stimulus was.

68
Q

Na+ K+ exchange pump

A

(see youtube video above and fig 3-19) ATPase pump out 3 Na+ molecules from the cell and carries 2 K+ molecules into the cell to per 1 ATP molecule, maintaining homeostasis

69
Q

Changes in the transmembrane potential

A

cells respond to stimuli which brings them out of a resting potential in order to modify their activities

70
Q

Passive or Leak Channels

A

Always open but permeability can vary

71
Q

Active Channels

A

gated channels that open or close in response to a stimuli

72
Q

chemically gated channel (fig 12-11a)

A

open or close when they bind specific chemicals; receptors that bind ACh are chemically gated channels; most common on dendrites and cell bodies

73
Q

Voltage-gated Channel (fig 12-11b)

A

opens or closes based on changes in the transmembrane potential; an excitable membrane, or one capable of generating and conduction an action potential is commonly found in an axon of unipolar and multipolar neurons and the sarcolemma

74
Q

Mechanically gated Channels (fig 12-11c)

A

opens or closes based on a distortion in the plasma membrane; found in sensory receptors responding to touch, pressure, or vibration

75
Q

Graded Potentials (fig 12-12)

A

Resting state…stimulation…graded potential

76
Q

Action Potentials

A

A nerve impulse that is propagated along an axon like dominoes reaching the synaptic terminals; dependent on voltage-gated channels

77
Q

All or Nothing Principle

A

Graded potentials like putting pressure on the trigger of a gun. Action potentials are like shooting the gun. If the pressure is strong enough the gun will fire

78
Q

Generation of an Action Potential

A

fig 12-14

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifD1YG07fB8

79
Q

Propagation

A

Flow or charge with the message repeated over and over as it flows sown the pathway of an axon

80
Q

Continuous Propagation (fig 12-15)

A

Occurs in an unmyelinated axon; an action potential at the initial segment spreads the infer one segment of membrane at a time; flows in one direction because the previous section is in a refractory period and cannot be depolarized yet

81
Q

Saltatory Propagation (fig 12-16)

A

unmyelinated nodes respond to depolarization because myelin insulates and creates resistance to ion flow; action potetial jumps from node to node allowing the impulse to move more rapidly and uses less energy than continuous propagation

82
Q

Electrical Synapses

A

pre and post synaptic membranes are locked together at gap junctions allowing flow of ions between cells. Allows currents to flow from one cell to another; rare (found in eye)

83
Q

Chemical Synapses

A

Uses a neurotransmitter to send info between pre and postsynaptic membranes

84
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

A

promotes action potentials

85
Q

Acetylcholine, ACH

A

common neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junction in the CNS and PNS. typically excitatory

86
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

A

causes hyperpolarization to suppress an action potential

87
Q

Acetylcholinesterase, AChE

A

inactivator of ACH

88
Q

7 Steps of Choinergenic Synapses

A

Synapses that release acetylcholine (fig 12-17, table 12-4)

89
Q

Neuromodulators

A

alter the rate of neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic neuron or change the postsynaptic cells response to neurotransmitters

90
Q

Opioids

A

Pain relieving neuromodulators: endorphins, enkephalins, endomorphins, dynorphins

91
Q

Synaptic Fatigue

A

occurs if the presynaptic membrane cannot keep up with neurotransmitter resynthesis demands

92
Q

Norepinephrine

A

NE; neurotransmitter=excitatory, depolarizing effect on the postsynaptic membrane

93
Q

Dopamine

A

a CNS neurotransmitter. Inhibitory or excitatory

94
Q

Serotonin

A

CNS neurotransmitter. Inadequate seotonin production can effect attention span and emotional states

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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