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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Special Senses are comprised of:

A

olfaction, gustation, vision, equilibrium and hearing

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2
Q

Olfaction

A

sense of smell

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3
Q

Olfaction organs

A

paired; located in the nasal cavity on either side of the nasal septum; consists of olfactory epithelium and lamina propria

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4
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

dendrites of neurons found in the olfactory epithelium

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5
Q

the knob of the olfactory receptor houses ___ cilia that are exposed to _____.

A

20

odorants

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6
Q

Basal Cells

A

regenerative stem cells that replace receptor cells

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7
Q

Olfactory glands

A

found in lamina purpria; secretions absorb water and form a thick colored mucous

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8
Q

Central adaptation

A

causes you to lose awareness of certain smells, but allows you to have sensitivities to other smells

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9
Q

Olfaction pathway

A

an odorant binds to a receptor protein

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10
Q

Lingual papillae

A

epithelial projections that house the taste buds

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11
Q

filliform papillae

A

provide friction, no taste buds

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12
Q

fungiform papillae

A

5 taste buds each

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13
Q

cicumvallate

A

form v in back of tongue 100 taste buds each

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14
Q

Gustatory Pathway

A

1.binds to receptor proteins…see notes

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15
Q

there are ___ primary taste sensations: ___ and ____ on the ___ part of the tongue and ___ and ___ on the ____of the tongue

A

4
sweet and salty, anterior
sour and bitter, posterior

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16
Q

Umami

A

beef, chicken broth and parmesan cheese due to free glutamates present in circumvallate

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17
Q

____ receptors located primarily in the ___ and affect water balance and blood volume maintenance

A

water

pharynx

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18
Q

Lacrimal canaliculi

A

canals that further drain tears to the lacrimal sac

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19
Q

lacrimal sac

A

receives tears and sends them to the nasolacrimal duct

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20
Q

nasolacrimal canal

A

passageway in the facial bones that takes tears to the nasal cavity

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21
Q

three layers of the eye

A

outer fibrous, intermediate vascular and deep inner fibrous: sclera and cornea

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22
Q

sclera

A

white of eye where intrinsic eye muscles attach

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23
Q

cornea

A

transparent and avascular; gets nutrients from tears; free nerve ending making it sensitive
(easy transplant, avascular)

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24
Q

Vascular Layer

A

iris ciliary body and choroid

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25
Q

Iris

A

contains smooth muscle for pupil diameter changes pigmented and highly vascularized

26
Q

cilliary body

A

contains ciliary muscles that attach to and control the shape of lens using suspensory ligaments

27
Q

choroid

A

layer between sclera and retina; vascularized and contains melanin

28
Q

inner layer

A

retina and optic nerve

29
Q

retina

A

pigmented outermost layer and innervated innermost layer, contains photoreceptors that detect light

30
Q

rods

A

give us black and white vision for night vision

31
Q

the lens

A

focuses the visual image on the photoreceptors

32
Q

crystallins

A

transparent proteins responsible for clarity and the focusing power of the lens

33
Q

cataracts

A

loss of transparency; can be removed

34
Q

refractions

A

the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another medium of a different density

35
Q

a visual image results from

A

info from all receptors

36
Q

light must strike the ___ in precise order to form an image of the object

A

retina

37
Q

Greatest amount of refraction occurs as light enters the ___ ?

A

cornea

38
Q

a second refractions occurs as light passes from the __ ___ to the ___

A

aqueous humor

lens

39
Q

focal point is the specific point of _____ on the ____

A

intersection

retina

40
Q

focal distance is the distance between the center of the ___ and the ___ ____

A

lens

focal point

41
Q

the closer the object is to the lens the ___ the focal distance

A

greater

42
Q

the rounder the lens the more ____occurs which leads to a ____ focal distance; a flat lens leads to a ____ focal distance

A

refraction
shorter
longer

43
Q

Accommodation

A

the automatic adjustment of the eye for clear vision; ciliary muscles adjust the shape of the lens for clarity

44
Q

astigmatism

A

is a distortion of an image if light is not refracted properly

45
Q

colorblindness

A

dysfuntioning cone

46
Q

night blindness (nyctalopia)

A

caused by definciency in bit A. visual pigment reserves decline

47
Q

depth perception

A

an interpretation of objects viewed by both eyes that receive slightly different visual images

48
Q

binocular vision

A

images from the right and left eye overlap/ the combined vision is binocular vision…these images cross over and are received by the opposite side of the occipital lobe

49
Q

Inner ear

A

fluid filled cavity that holds the receptors for both hearing and balance

50
Q

bony labyrinth

A

dense bone surrounding membranous labyrinth with perilymph fluid between the two

51
Q

endolymph

A

middle air / inner fluid

52
Q

vestibule

A

contain membranous sacs called the saccule and utricle

53
Q

saccule and utricle

A

both have receptors for gravity and linear excelleration

54
Q

semicircular canals

A

contain recptors stimulated by rotation of the head. the fluid within is continuous with the fluid in the vestibule

55
Q

cochlea

A

spiral shaped bony chamber that holds the cochlear duct of the membranous labyrinth; receptors here responsible for hearing

56
Q

round window

A

free of dense bone, it is a thin membranous partition separation the paralymph of the cochlear chamber from air filled middle chamber

57
Q

oval window

A

free of dense bone, connected to base of stapes

58
Q

equilibrium

A

vestibule and semicircular canals

59
Q

semicircular ducts

A

respond to rotation of head

60
Q

hair cells

A

sensory, semicircular ducts, rotational head movements, found in cristae of ampulla and bound to a cupola

61
Q

stereocilia

A

short hairs, free surface of ea. hair cell 80-100 per cell

62
Q

cochlear duct contains

A

endolymph which lies between a pair of perilymph chambers (scala vestibuli and scala tympani

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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