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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 20 THE HEART > Flashcards

Chapter 20 THE HEART Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

heart factoids

A

size of fist, less than a pound, beats an av of 100,000 times a day

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3
Q

Pulmonary Circuit pump

A

pumps sCo2 rich blood and O2 deficient, to the lungs. Blood is pumped through the lungs by the heart to reverse these gasses in the blood

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4
Q

Systemic circuit pump

A

blood returns to heart from lungs rich in O2 and low in Co2 and is pumped to rest of the body

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5
Q

Arteries

A

efferent vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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6
Q

Veins

A

Afferent, carry blood to the heart

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7
Q

Capillaries

A

Connect arteries and veins, referred to as exchange vessels

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8
Q

Cavity where the heart is located

A

mediastinum, between plural cavities

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9
Q

Apex

A

tip of the heart lies just above the diaphragm, left of the midline

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10
Q

Base

A

wide and directed towart the right shoulder

base is on top

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11
Q

Pericardium

A

double walled fibrous sac the encloses the heart

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12
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

loosely fitting, superficial part of sac anchoring

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13
Q

parietal pericardium

A

lines internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

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14
Q

Visceral Pericardium (epicardium)

A

upon the heart…layer covers surface of heart

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15
Q

serous fluid

A

fluid between parietal, visceral layers, prevents friction

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16
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle layer, contracting part of the heart

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17
Q

Myocardium characteristics

A

pg. 3

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18
Q

intercalated discs

A

membranes of adjacent cells are held together by desmosomes and linked by gap junctions; this propagates action potentials

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19
Q

endocardium

A

inner most layer. most internal layer, made of simple squamous epithelium, provides a smooth surface to prevent clotting

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20
Q

Chambers of the heart

A

pg. 3, fig 20-6

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21
Q

Flow of blood, ex. cr.

A

pg. 4-6

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22
Q

Coronary vessels

A

blood supply to the myocardium

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23
Q

coronary arteries

A

first branches of the ascending aorta supplying nutrient/oxygen rich blood to myocardium

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24
Q

arterial anastomomosis

A

joining up of vessels to maintain good blood supply despite fluctuation in pressure

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25
Q

coronary veins

A

arteries merge with veins that will return blood to the right atrium

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26
Q

Cardiac conduction pathway

A

beating of the heart is regulated by electrical activity of the myocardium cardiac muscle cells contract spontaneously; the heart generates its own heartbeat called automaticity

27
Q

conducting system cells

A

control/coordinate heartbeat through action potential

28
Q

contractile cell

A

produce contractions that propel blood

29
Q

The entire heart contracts in what series

A

1st the atria, then the ventricles; there is lag time between the beginning of the electrical impulse and the contraction (calcium entering sarcoplasm)

30
Q

Impulse route

A

pg. 7 fig 20-12

31
Q

electrocardiogram

A

electrical events in the cardiac cycle can be recorded (EKG or ECG)

32
Q

P wave

A

depolarizing of atria

33
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricles depolarize contraction of ventricles. happens shortly after that

34
Q

T wave

A

ventricles repolarizing

35
Q

P-R interval

A

from the start of atrial depolarization to the start of the QRS complex

36
Q

Q-T interval

A

from the time the ventricles depolarize to the time that they repolarize

37
Q

Action Potential of cardiac muscle

1.Rapid depolarization

A

cause: Na+ entry
duration: 3-5 msec
ends with: closure of voltage-gated fast sodium channels

38
Q

Action Potential of cardiac muscle

2. The Plateau

A

cause: Ca2+ entry
Duration: 175 msec
ends with: closure of slow calcium channels

39
Q

Action Potential of cardiac muscle

3. Repolarization

A

cause: K+ loss
Duration: 75 msec
Ends with: closure of slow potassium channels

40
Q

Energy for cardiac contractions

A

aerobic reactions occur when mitochondria break down fatty acids and glucose and in the presence of O2 convert them to ATP, O2 is stored in myogloblin for normal circulation

41
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

sequences of events in one heart beat= simultaneous contraction of the two atria followed by the simultaneous contraction of the ventricles, followed by a rest period

42
Q

Systole

A

contraction

43
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

44
Q

cardia cycle, Atrial systole

3:

A
  1. blood flows passively to rgt. atrium & ventricle during atrial & ventricular diastole
  2. pressure builds as more blood enters rgt. atrium & it contracts, filling ventricles to capacity
  3. atrial diastole occurs
45
Q

Ventricular systole

ventricles enter_____ at the same time the atria enter _____

A

systole

diastole

46
Q

Ventricular systole (phase #1)

A

forces the L and R AV valves closed but there is not enough pressure to eject blood into arteries…pressure continues to rise until it exceeds pressure in the arterial trunks

47
Q

Ventricular systole (phase #2, called ventricular ejection)

A

ventricle contract strong enough to send blood into aortic and pulmonary trunks

48
Q

stroke volume of heart

A

amount of blood pumped by ventricle per beat, 60-80 mL of blood

49
Q

Ejection fraction

A

the percent of blood in a ventricle that is pumped during ventricle systole = pumps out 60% of the blood

50
Q

End systolic volume

A

amount of blood remaining in the ventricle when semilunar valves closed

51
Q

what gives the heart a rest for every beat?

A

ventricular diastole paired with atrial diastole

52
Q

S1- the lubb-loudest and longest

A

ventricular systole CLOSING the AV valves

53
Q

S2-dupp-ventricular diastole

A

closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves

54
Q

S3-blood flowing into the?

A

ventricles

55
Q

S4

A

atrial contraction

56
Q

Pulse=heart rate, a healthy adult has a resting heart rate of

A

60-80 beats per min, which is also the rate of depolarization of the SA node

57
Q

child pulse

A

100 beats per min

58
Q

Infant pulse

A

120 beats per min

59
Q

athletes pulse

A

35-50 beats per min

60
Q

Cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one min. determined by stroke volume x heart rate

61
Q

average cardiac output

A

5-6 liters per min.

62
Q

starling’s law of the heart

A

the more the cardiac muscle fibers are stretched the more forcefully they contract

63
Q

venous return

A

the amount of blood returning to the heart through veins; if the amount increases the atrial walls stretch causing a more rapid depolarization

64
Q

Factors affecting heart rate, autonomic innervation

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions innervate the heart innnervating both the SA and AV nodes, the atrial muscles fibers and ventricular muscle cells

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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