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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent division of Nervous System

A

receptors, sensory neurons and sensory pathways

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2
Q

SNS

A

motor neuron, motor pathways, and effectors

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3
Q

General Senses

A

sensitivity to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception
TPTPVP

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4
Q

Sensation

A

the arriving info in the form of an action potential; the greater the stimulus the higher the frequency of action potential

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5
Q

Preception

A

conscious awareness of sensation

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6
Q

special senses

A

olfaction, vision, gustation, hearing and equilibrium

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7
Q

List of stimuli or modality

A

light, sound, touch, dissolved chemicals and pressure

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8
Q

receptor specificity / free nerve endings

A

dendrites of neurons which are the simplest form of a receptor, not protected by accessory cells; extend through tissue like growing grass; typically not very specific

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9
Q

Receptors of the eyes

A

protected by accessory cells and connective tissue making them very specific because no other stimulus but light can get to them

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10
Q

Receptor Field

A

receptor cells monitor a specific area

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11
Q

sensory coding translates sensory info into patterns of ___ ____ can be: ___,___, or both depending on the complexity of the reception

A

action potential

tonic, phasic

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12
Q

Tonic Receptors

A

alway active and indicate the background level of stimulation, modifies action potentials when a stimulus changes in intensity; do not adapt well

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13
Q

Phasic Receptors

A

normally inactive but become active for a short time when a stimulus changes the environment they are monitoring; senses intensity and rate of change of a stimulus; highly adaptive

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14
Q

Adaptation

A

a reduction in sensitivity when there is constant stimulus that does not induce pain

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15
Q

Fast adapting receptors (phasic receptors)

A

provides peripheral adaptation …the receptor responds strongly at first but then its activity declines (temperature)

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16
Q

slow adapting recptors (tonic receptors)

A

have little peripheral adaptation. pain receptors are slow adapting reminds you of the pain so you can do something about it

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17
Q

central adaptation

A

further restricts the amount of detail arriving at the cerebral cortex beyond peripheral adaptation

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18
Q

Both peripheral and central adaptations are ___ responses that can induce ___ ____ responses (typically we are not aware of the stimulus or response)

A

subconscious

reflexive motor

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19
Q

The ___ ___ allow us to have control over whether or not we want to further heighten our awareness to a stimulus or ____ our awareness

A

higher centers

lower

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20
Q

Exteroceptors monitor

A

outside environment

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21
Q

proprioceptors monitor

A

positions of skeletal muscles and joints

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22
Q

interoceptors monitor

A

visceral organs

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23
Q

nociceptors

common locations

A

pain receptors

skin, joints, periosteum, walls of blood vessels

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24
Q

Fast pain - myelinated type ___ axon fibers carry ___ ___sensations quickly to the CNS; ____ pain and trigger ____ reflexes

A

A
Prickeling Pain
localized
somatic

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25
Q

Slow pain- type___ axons fibers carry ___ or ____ pain sensations to the ___; pain is in a general area. Sensitive to extreme: ___, ___ ___, ___ ____ (from damaged cells

A

C
burning, aching
temperature, mechanical damage, dissolved chemicals

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26
Q

Neurotransmitters affect pain levels (glutamate or substance P)

A

amounts of these neurotransmitters can determine the amount of pain perceived. May be out of proportion with painful stimuli

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27
Q

Neuromodulators affect pain levels, type of opioids: endorphins and enkephalins

A

inhibit activity along pain pathways by preventing the release of substance P so the pain perception decreases even though the stimulus is still there

28
Q

Thermoreceptors common locations

A

dermis, skeletal muscle, liver and hypothalamus

29
Q

Type of thermoreceptors

A

free nerve endings with cold receptors being 3 to 4 times more numerous than warm receptors; follow pain paths to the CNS; phasic

30
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

respond to stimuli that distorts the plasma membrane

31
Q

Type of Mechanoreceptors

A

tactile, baroreceptors and proprioreceptors

32
Q

Tactile receptors are sensitive to?

A

touch, pressure, vibration

33
Q

Fine touch and pressure receptors

A

extremely sensitive to provide info on location, shape, size, texture and movement with small receptor field (fingers)

34
Q

Crude touch and pressure receptors

A

large receptive field giving poor info on location and stimulus

35
Q

Free Nerve Endings sensitive to?

A

touch and preasure

36
Q

location of free nerve endings?

A

between epidermal cells and the cornea of the eye, tonic, receptor field small

37
Q

Root Hair Plexus Nerve Endings sensitive to?

A

distortion of hair

38
Q

Root hair plexus location

A

wrapped around root of hair, phasic and small receptor field

39
Q

Tactile Discs (merkel discs) sensitive to

A

fine touch ad pressure (really sensitive)

40
Q

Tactile disc location

A

stratum basale, tonic, small receptor field

41
Q

Tactile corpuscles (meissner’s corpuscles) sensitive to?

A

fine touch and pressure, low vibrations

42
Q

Tactile corpuscles located in

A

dermis of: eyelids, finger tips, lips, nipples and external genitalia
phasic

43
Q

structure of tactile corpuscles

A

encapsulated

44
Q

lamellated corpuscles (pacinian carpuscles) sensitive to?

A

deep pressure, vibrations

45
Q

Lamellated located in?

A

dermis of: fingers, mammory glands, external genitalia, joint capsules and viscerally
phasic (because itss encapsulated)

46
Q

Lamellated struture

A

concentric layers of collagen

47
Q

Ruffini Corpuscles sensitive to

A

pressure, distortion of the skin, respond to twisting, tonic

48
Q

Ruffini location?

A

reticular layer of dermis

49
Q

Barorecptors

A

detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels and organs

50
Q

Baroreceptors location

A

walls of distensible organs

51
Q

Baroreceptor is a ___ receptor

A

free nerve ending

52
Q

Baroreceptors are sensitive to ___ or ____ of ___ ___in the wall of an organ; moniters ___ ___ and ___ ___

A

coiling or expanding
elastic tissue
blood flow and blood pressure

53
Q

Poprioceptors

A

monitor positions of joints and muscles

54
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

between muscle and its tendon, reacts to tension in the tendon to monitor muscle contraction

55
Q

Receptors in joint capsules

A

free nerve ending detect pressure, tension and movement in joint

56
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemoreceptive neurons provide quick peripheral adaptation, sensitive to concentration of chemicals that dissolve in body fluids (id gasses, CO2)

57
Q

Somatic Sensory Pathways

A

the first part of the tract name ids where the tract begins the last part=its destination

58
Q

Somatic Sensory ascending tracts

A

from spinal chord to brain

59
Q

phantom limb pain

A

painful sensations that aren’t really there due to sensory neurons or interneurons along the pathway

60
Q

spino-thalamic pathway

A

crude touch and pressure in the anterior, pain and temperature in the lateral

61
Q

Referred pain

A

pain felt in uninjured part of body but originates elsewhere…happen because visceral neurons can stimulate neurons in your spidalphelamic pathway

62
Q

Posterior column pathway

A

fine touch, vibration, pressure and proprioceptions sensations

63
Q

spinocerebellar pathway

A

proprioceptive input from golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles and joint capsules

64
Q

Somatic Motor Pathways

A

sns controls voluntary motor movements

65
Q

corticospinal pathway

A

voluntary control over skeletal muscles

66
Q

medial pathway

A

subconscious regulation of balance and muscle tone, eye, head, neck and upper limb position when exposed to auditory or visual and reflexive activity

67
Q

Lateral Pathway

A

subconscious regulation of upper limb muscle tone and movement

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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