Chapter 15

Question 1

Afferent division of Nervous System

Answer 1

receptors, sensory neurons and sensory pathways

Question 2

SNS

Answer 2

motor neuron, motor pathways, and effectors

Question 3

General Senses

Answer 3

sensitivity to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception
TPTPVP

Question 4

Sensation

Answer 4

the arriving info in the form of an action potential; the greater the stimulus the higher the frequency of action potential

Question 5

Preception

Answer 5

conscious awareness of sensation

Question 6

special senses

Answer 6

olfaction, vision, gustation, hearing and equilibrium

Question 7

List of stimuli or modality

Answer 7

light, sound, touch, dissolved chemicals and pressure

Question 8

receptor specificity / free nerve endings

Answer 8

dendrites of neurons which are the simplest form of a receptor, not protected by accessory cells; extend through tissue like growing grass; typically not very specific

Question 9

Receptors of the eyes

Answer 9

protected by accessory cells and connective tissue making them very specific because no other stimulus but light can get to them

Question 10

Receptor Field

Answer 10

receptor cells monitor a specific area

Question 11

sensory coding translates sensory info into patterns of ___ ____ can be: ___,___, or both depending on the complexity of the reception

Answer 11

action potential

tonic, phasic

Question 12

Tonic Receptors

Answer 12

alway active and indicate the background level of stimulation, modifies action potentials when a stimulus changes in intensity; do not adapt well

Question 13

Phasic Receptors

Answer 13

normally inactive but become active for a short time when a stimulus changes the environment they are monitoring; senses intensity and rate of change of a stimulus; highly adaptive

Question 14

Adaptation

Answer 14

a reduction in sensitivity when there is constant stimulus that does not induce pain

Question 15

Fast adapting receptors (phasic receptors)

Answer 15

provides peripheral adaptation …the receptor responds strongly at first but then its activity declines (temperature)

Question 16

slow adapting recptors (tonic receptors)

Answer 16

have little peripheral adaptation. pain receptors are slow adapting reminds you of the pain so you can do something about it

Question 17

central adaptation

Answer 17

further restricts the amount of detail arriving at the cerebral cortex beyond peripheral adaptation

Question 18

Both peripheral and central adaptations are ___ responses that can induce ___ ____ responses (typically we are not aware of the stimulus or response)

Answer 18

subconscious

reflexive motor

Question 19

The ___ ___ allow us to have control over whether or not we want to further heighten our awareness to a stimulus or ____ our awareness

Answer 19

higher centers

lower

Question 20

Exteroceptors monitor

Answer 20

outside environment

Question 21

proprioceptors monitor

Answer 21

positions of skeletal muscles and joints

Question 22

interoceptors monitor

Answer 22

visceral organs

Question 23

nociceptors

common locations

Answer 23

pain receptors

skin, joints, periosteum, walls of blood vessels

Question 24

Fast pain - myelinated type ___ axon fibers carry ___ ___sensations quickly to the CNS; ____ pain and trigger ____ reflexes

Answer 24

A
Prickeling Pain
localized
somatic

Question 25

Slow pain- type___ axons fibers carry ___ or ____ pain sensations to the ___; pain is in a general area. Sensitive to extreme: ___, ___ ___, ___ ____ (from damaged cells

Answer 25

C burning, aching temperature, mechanical damage, dissolved chemicals

Question 26

Neurotransmitters affect pain levels (glutamate or substance P)

Answer 26

amounts of these neurotransmitters can determine the amount of pain perceived. May be out of proportion with painful stimuli

Question 27

Neuromodulators affect pain levels, type of opioids: endorphins and enkephalins

Answer 27

inhibit activity along pain pathways by preventing the release of substance P so the pain perception decreases even though the stimulus is still there

Question 28

Thermoreceptors common locations

Answer 28

dermis, skeletal muscle, liver and hypothalamus

Question 29

Type of thermoreceptors

Answer 29

free nerve endings with cold receptors being 3 to 4 times more numerous than warm receptors; follow pain paths to the CNS; phasic

Question 30

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 30

respond to stimuli that distorts the plasma membrane

Question 31

Type of Mechanoreceptors

Answer 31

tactile, baroreceptors and proprioreceptors

Question 32

Tactile receptors are sensitive to?

Answer 32

touch, pressure, vibration

Question 33

Fine touch and pressure receptors

Answer 33

extremely sensitive to provide info on location, shape, size, texture and movement with small receptor field (fingers)

Question 34

Crude touch and pressure receptors

Answer 34

large receptive field giving poor info on location and stimulus

Question 35

Free Nerve Endings sensitive to?

Answer 35

touch and preasure

Question 36

location of free nerve endings?

Answer 36

between epidermal cells and the cornea of the eye, tonic, receptor field small

Question 37

Root Hair Plexus Nerve Endings sensitive to?

Answer 37

distortion of hair

Question 38

Root hair plexus location

Answer 38

wrapped around root of hair, phasic and small receptor field

Question 39

Tactile Discs (merkel discs) sensitive to

Answer 39

fine touch ad pressure (really sensitive)

Question 40

Tactile disc location

Answer 40

stratum basale, tonic, small receptor field

Question 41

Tactile corpuscles (meissner's corpuscles) sensitive to?

Answer 41

fine touch and pressure, low vibrations

Question 42

Tactile corpuscles located in

Answer 42

dermis of: eyelids, finger tips, lips, nipples and external genitalia phasic

Question 43

structure of tactile corpuscles

Answer 43

encapsulated

Question 44

lamellated corpuscles (pacinian carpuscles) sensitive to?

Answer 44

deep pressure, vibrations

Question 45

Lamellated located in?

Answer 45

dermis of: fingers, mammory glands, external genitalia, joint capsules and viscerally phasic (because itss encapsulated)

Question 46

Lamellated struture

Answer 46

concentric layers of collagen

Question 47

Ruffini Corpuscles sensitive to

Answer 47

pressure, distortion of the skin, respond to twisting, tonic

Question 48

Ruffini location?

Answer 48

reticular layer of dermis

Question 49

Barorecptors

Answer 49

detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels and organs

Question 50

Baroreceptors location

Answer 50

walls of distensible organs

Question 51

Baroreceptor is a ___ receptor

Answer 51

free nerve ending

Question 52

Baroreceptors are sensitive to ___ or ____ of ___ ___in the wall of an organ; moniters ___ ___ and ___ ___

Answer 52

coiling or expanding elastic tissue blood flow and blood pressure

Question 53

Poprioceptors

Answer 53

monitor positions of joints and muscles

Question 54

Golgi Tendon Organs

Answer 54

between muscle and its tendon, reacts to tension in the tendon to monitor muscle contraction

Question 55

Receptors in joint capsules

Answer 55

free nerve ending detect pressure, tension and movement in joint

Question 56

chemoreceptors

Answer 56

chemoreceptive neurons provide quick peripheral adaptation, sensitive to concentration of chemicals that dissolve in body fluids (id gasses, CO2)

Question 57

Somatic Sensory Pathways

Answer 57

the first part of the tract name ids where the tract begins the last part=its destination

Question 58

Somatic Sensory ascending tracts

Answer 58

from spinal chord to brain

Question 59

phantom limb pain

Answer 59

painful sensations that aren't really there due to sensory neurons or interneurons along the pathway

Question 60

spino-thalamic pathway

Answer 60

crude touch and pressure in the anterior, pain and temperature in the lateral

Question 61

Referred pain

Answer 61

pain felt in uninjured part of body but originates elsewhere...happen because visceral neurons can stimulate neurons in your spidalphelamic pathway

Question 62

Posterior column pathway

Answer 62

fine touch, vibration, pressure and proprioceptions sensations

Question 63

spinocerebellar pathway

Answer 63

proprioceptive input from golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles and joint capsules

Question 64

Somatic Motor Pathways

Answer 64

sns controls voluntary motor movements

Question 65

corticospinal pathway

Answer 65

voluntary control over skeletal muscles

Question 66

medial pathway

Answer 66

subconscious regulation of balance and muscle tone, eye, head, neck and upper limb position when exposed to auditory or visual and reflexive activity

Question 67

Lateral Pathway

Answer 67

subconscious regulation of upper limb muscle tone and movement