Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent division of Nervous System

A

receptors, sensory neurons and sensory pathways

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2
Q

SNS

A

motor neuron, motor pathways, and effectors

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3
Q

General Senses

A

sensitivity to temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception
TPTPVP

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4
Q

Sensation

A

the arriving info in the form of an action potential; the greater the stimulus the higher the frequency of action potential

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5
Q

Preception

A

conscious awareness of sensation

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6
Q

special senses

A

olfaction, vision, gustation, hearing and equilibrium

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7
Q

List of stimuli or modality

A

light, sound, touch, dissolved chemicals and pressure

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8
Q

receptor specificity / free nerve endings

A

dendrites of neurons which are the simplest form of a receptor, not protected by accessory cells; extend through tissue like growing grass; typically not very specific

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9
Q

Receptors of the eyes

A

protected by accessory cells and connective tissue making them very specific because no other stimulus but light can get to them

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10
Q

Receptor Field

A

receptor cells monitor a specific area

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11
Q

sensory coding translates sensory info into patterns of ___ ____ can be: ___,___, or both depending on the complexity of the reception

A

action potential

tonic, phasic

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12
Q

Tonic Receptors

A

alway active and indicate the background level of stimulation, modifies action potentials when a stimulus changes in intensity; do not adapt well

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13
Q

Phasic Receptors

A

normally inactive but become active for a short time when a stimulus changes the environment they are monitoring; senses intensity and rate of change of a stimulus; highly adaptive

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14
Q

Adaptation

A

a reduction in sensitivity when there is constant stimulus that does not induce pain

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15
Q

Fast adapting receptors (phasic receptors)

A

provides peripheral adaptation …the receptor responds strongly at first but then its activity declines (temperature)

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16
Q

slow adapting recptors (tonic receptors)

A

have little peripheral adaptation. pain receptors are slow adapting reminds you of the pain so you can do something about it

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17
Q

central adaptation

A

further restricts the amount of detail arriving at the cerebral cortex beyond peripheral adaptation

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18
Q

Both peripheral and central adaptations are ___ responses that can induce ___ ____ responses (typically we are not aware of the stimulus or response)

A

subconscious

reflexive motor

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19
Q

The ___ ___ allow us to have control over whether or not we want to further heighten our awareness to a stimulus or ____ our awareness

A

higher centers

lower

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20
Q

Exteroceptors monitor

A

outside environment

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21
Q

proprioceptors monitor

A

positions of skeletal muscles and joints

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22
Q

interoceptors monitor

A

visceral organs

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23
Q

nociceptors

common locations

A

pain receptors

skin, joints, periosteum, walls of blood vessels

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24
Q

Fast pain - myelinated type ___ axon fibers carry ___ ___sensations quickly to the CNS; ____ pain and trigger ____ reflexes

A

A
Prickeling Pain
localized
somatic

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25
Slow pain- type___ axons fibers carry ___ or ____ pain sensations to the ___; pain is in a general area. Sensitive to extreme: ___, ___ ___, ___ ____ (from damaged cells
C burning, aching temperature, mechanical damage, dissolved chemicals
26
Neurotransmitters affect pain levels (glutamate or substance P)
amounts of these neurotransmitters can determine the amount of pain perceived. May be out of proportion with painful stimuli
27
Neuromodulators affect pain levels, type of opioids: endorphins and enkephalins
inhibit activity along pain pathways by preventing the release of substance P so the pain perception decreases even though the stimulus is still there
28
Thermoreceptors common locations
dermis, skeletal muscle, liver and hypothalamus
29
Type of thermoreceptors
free nerve endings with cold receptors being 3 to 4 times more numerous than warm receptors; follow pain paths to the CNS; phasic
30
Mechanoreceptors
respond to stimuli that distorts the plasma membrane
31
Type of Mechanoreceptors
tactile, baroreceptors and proprioreceptors
32
Tactile receptors are sensitive to?
touch, pressure, vibration
33
Fine touch and pressure receptors
extremely sensitive to provide info on location, shape, size, texture and movement with small receptor field (fingers)
34
Crude touch and pressure receptors
large receptive field giving poor info on location and stimulus
35
Free Nerve Endings sensitive to?
touch and preasure
36
location of free nerve endings?
between epidermal cells and the cornea of the eye, tonic, receptor field small
37
Root Hair Plexus Nerve Endings sensitive to?
distortion of hair
38
Root hair plexus location
wrapped around root of hair, phasic and small receptor field
39
Tactile Discs (merkel discs) sensitive to
fine touch ad pressure (really sensitive)
40
Tactile disc location
stratum basale, tonic, small receptor field
41
Tactile corpuscles (meissner's corpuscles) sensitive to?
fine touch and pressure, low vibrations
42
Tactile corpuscles located in
dermis of: eyelids, finger tips, lips, nipples and external genitalia phasic
43
structure of tactile corpuscles
encapsulated
44
lamellated corpuscles (pacinian carpuscles) sensitive to?
deep pressure, vibrations
45
Lamellated located in?
dermis of: fingers, mammory glands, external genitalia, joint capsules and viscerally phasic (because itss encapsulated)
46
Lamellated struture
concentric layers of collagen
47
Ruffini Corpuscles sensitive to
pressure, distortion of the skin, respond to twisting, tonic
48
Ruffini location?
reticular layer of dermis
49
Barorecptors
detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels and organs
50
Baroreceptors location
walls of distensible organs
51
Baroreceptor is a ___ receptor
free nerve ending
52
Baroreceptors are sensitive to ___ or ____ of ___ ___in the wall of an organ; moniters ___ ___ and ___ ___
coiling or expanding elastic tissue blood flow and blood pressure
53
Poprioceptors
monitor positions of joints and muscles
54
Golgi Tendon Organs
between muscle and its tendon, reacts to tension in the tendon to monitor muscle contraction
55
Receptors in joint capsules
free nerve ending detect pressure, tension and movement in joint
56
chemoreceptors
chemoreceptive neurons provide quick peripheral adaptation, sensitive to concentration of chemicals that dissolve in body fluids (id gasses, CO2)
57
Somatic Sensory Pathways
the first part of the tract name ids where the tract begins the last part=its destination
58
Somatic Sensory ascending tracts
from spinal chord to brain
59
phantom limb pain
painful sensations that aren't really there due to sensory neurons or interneurons along the pathway
60
spino-thalamic pathway
crude touch and pressure in the anterior, pain and temperature in the lateral
61
Referred pain
pain felt in uninjured part of body but originates elsewhere...happen because visceral neurons can stimulate neurons in your spidalphelamic pathway
62
Posterior column pathway
fine touch, vibration, pressure and proprioceptions sensations
63
spinocerebellar pathway
proprioceptive input from golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles and joint capsules
64
Somatic Motor Pathways
sns controls voluntary motor movements
65
corticospinal pathway
voluntary control over skeletal muscles
66
medial pathway
subconscious regulation of balance and muscle tone, eye, head, neck and upper limb position when exposed to auditory or visual and reflexive activity
67
Lateral Pathway
subconscious regulation of upper limb muscle tone and movement