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Chemistry > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

Protons and neutrons are collectively known as…

A

Nucleon

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2
Q

In nuclear chemistry, and atom is referred to as…

A

Nuclide

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3
Q

The difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons

A

Mass defect

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4
Q

The energy released when a nucleus is formed from neucleons

A

Nuclear binding energy

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5
Q

States that nucleons exist in different energy levels, or shells, in the nucleus

A

Nuclear shell model

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6
Q

The numbers of nucleons that represent completed nuclear energy levels

A

Magic numbers

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7
Q

A reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom

A

Nuclear reaction

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8
Q

A change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of its protons

A

Transmutation

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9
Q

The spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a slightly lighter nucleus, accompanied by emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both

A

Radioactive decay

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10
Q

Particles or electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay

A

Nuclear radiation

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11
Q

An unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay

A

Radioactive nuclide

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12
Q

Two protons and two neutrons bound together and is emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay

A

Alpha particle (a)

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13
Q

An electron emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay.

A

Beta particle (B)

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14
Q

A particle that has the same mass as an electron, but has a positive charge and is emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay

A

Positron

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15
Q

When an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its own atom

A

Electron capture

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16
Q

High-energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state

A

Gamma ray (y)

17
Q

The time required for half the atoms of a radioactive nuclide to decay

A

Half-life (t1/2)

18
Q

A series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is reached

A

Decay series

19
Q

The heaviest nuclide of each decay series

A

Parent nuclide

20
Q

The nuclides produced by the decay of the parent nuclides

A

Daughter nuclide

21
Q

Bombardment of nuclei with charged and uncharged particles

A

Artificial transmutation

22
Q

Elements with more than 92 protons in their nuclei

A

Transmutation element

23
Q

A unit used to measure nuclear radiation exposure; equal to the amount of gamma and X ray radiation that produces 2 X 10^9 ion pairs when it passes through 1 cm3 of dry air

A

Roentgen (R)

24
Q

A unit used to measure the dose of any type of ionizing radiation that factors in the effect that the radiation has on human tissue

A

Rem

25
Q

These use exposure of film to measure the approximate radiation exposure of people working with radiation

A

Film badge

26
Q

Instruments that detect radiation by counting electric pulses carried by gas ionized by radiation

A

Geiger-Muller counter

27
Q

Instruments that convert scintillating light to an electric signal for detecting radiation

A

Scintillation counter

28
Q

The process by which the approximate age of an object is determined based on the amount of certain radioactive nuclides present

A

Radioactive dating

29
Q

Radioactive atoms that are incorporated into substances so that movement of the substances can be followed by radiation detectors

A

Radioactive tracer

30
Q

Waste caused by nuclear fusion/fission

A

Nuclear waste

31
Q

A very heavy nucleus split into more stable nuclei of intermediate mass

A

Nuclear fission

32
Q

A reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction

A

Chain reaction

33
Q

The minimum amount of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction

A

Critical mass

34
Q

Controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy and radioactive nuclides

A

Nuclear reactor

35
Q

These use energy as heat from nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy

A

Nuclear power plant

36
Q

Radiation-absorbing material that is used to decrease exposure to radiation, especially gamma rays, from nuclear reactors

A

Shielding

37
Q

Neutron-absorbing rods that help control the reaction by limiting the number of free neutrons

A

Control rod

38
Q

Used to slow down the fast neutrons produced by fission

A

Moderator

39
Q

Low-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus

A

Nuclear fusion

Chemistry (19 decks)

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