Chapter 21

Question 1

Protons and neutrons are collectively known as…

Answer 1

Nucleon

Question 2

In nuclear chemistry, and atom is referred to as…

Answer 2

Nuclide

Question 3

The difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons

Answer 3

Mass defect

Question 4

The energy released when a nucleus is formed from neucleons

Answer 4

Nuclear binding energy

Question 5

States that nucleons exist in different energy levels, or shells, in the nucleus

Answer 5

Nuclear shell model

Question 6

The numbers of nucleons that represent completed nuclear energy levels

Answer 6

Magic numbers

Question 7

A reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom

Answer 7

Nuclear reaction

Question 8

A change in the identity of a nucleus as a result of a change in the number of its protons

Answer 8

Transmutation

Question 9

The spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus into a slightly lighter nucleus, accompanied by emission of particles, electromagnetic radiation, or both

Answer 9

Radioactive decay

Question 10

Particles or electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay

Answer 10

Nuclear radiation

Question 11

An unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay

Answer 11

Radioactive nuclide

Question 12

Two protons and two neutrons bound together and is emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay

Answer 12

Alpha particle (a)

Question 13

An electron emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay.

Answer 13

Beta particle (B)

Question 14

A particle that has the same mass as an electron, but has a positive charge and is emitted from the nucleus during some kinds of radioactive decay

Answer 14

Positron

Question 15

When an inner orbital electron is captured by the nucleus of its own atom

Answer 15

Electron capture

Question 16

High-energy electromagnetic waves emitted from a nucleus as it changes from an excited state to a ground energy state

Answer 16

Gamma ray (y)

Question 17

The time required for half the atoms of a radioactive nuclide to decay

Answer 17

Half-life (t1/2)

Question 18

A series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is reached

Answer 18

Decay series

Question 19

The heaviest nuclide of each decay series

Answer 19

Parent nuclide

Question 20

The nuclides produced by the decay of the parent nuclides

Answer 20

Daughter nuclide

Question 21

Bombardment of nuclei with charged and uncharged particles

Answer 21

Artificial transmutation

Question 22

Elements with more than 92 protons in their nuclei

Answer 22

Transmutation element

Question 23

A unit used to measure nuclear radiation exposure; equal to the amount of gamma and X ray radiation that produces 2 X 10^9 ion pairs when it passes through 1 cm3 of dry air

Answer 23

Roentgen (R)

Question 24

A unit used to measure the dose of any type of ionizing radiation that factors in the effect that the radiation has on human tissue

Answer 24

Rem

Question 25

These use exposure of film to measure the approximate radiation exposure of people working with radiation

Answer 25

Film badge

Question 26

Instruments that detect radiation by counting electric pulses carried by gas ionized by radiation

Answer 26

Geiger-Muller counter

Question 27

Instruments that convert scintillating light to an electric signal for detecting radiation

Answer 27

Scintillation counter

Question 28

The process by which the approximate age of an object is determined based on the amount of certain radioactive nuclides present

Answer 28

Radioactive dating

Question 29

Radioactive atoms that are incorporated into substances so that movement of the substances can be followed by radiation detectors

Answer 29

Radioactive tracer

Question 30

Waste caused by nuclear fusion/fission

Answer 30

Nuclear waste

Question 31

A very heavy nucleus split into more stable nuclei of intermediate mass

Answer 31

Nuclear fission

Question 32

A reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction

Answer 32

Chain reaction

Question 33

The minimum amount of nuclide that provides the number of neutrons needed to sustain a chain reaction

Answer 33

Critical mass

Question 34

Controlled-fission chain reactions to produce energy and radioactive nuclides

Answer 34

Nuclear reactor

Question 35

These use energy as heat from nuclear reactors to produce electrical energy

Answer 35

Nuclear power plant

Question 36

Radiation-absorbing material that is used to decrease exposure to radiation, especially gamma rays, from nuclear reactors

Answer 36

Shielding

Question 37

Neutron-absorbing rods that help control the reaction by limiting the number of free neutrons

Answer 37

Control rod

Question 38

Used to slow down the fast neutrons produced by fission

Answer 38

Moderator

Question 39

Low-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus

Answer 39

Nuclear fusion